<p>Pesticide use in agriculture has significant negative impacts on human health, ecosystems, and natural resources. The failure to meet targets for pesticide reduction at the farm level underscores the need for a systemic, holistic approach that considers the diversity of actors and the complexity of the farming systems involved. The landscape level provides a relevant framework for addressing the reduction of pesticide use and impacts. In this study, we analyzed 19 initiatives aimed to reduce pesticide use or its impacts in agriculture in a Mediterranean peri-urban plain in southern France. Drawing on insights from landscape agronomy and research on collective action, we developed a novel conceptual framework to capture and analyze the diversity and complementarity of local dynamics of pesticide reduction. Through interviews, workshops, and farm surveys, we examined the factors driving the emergence of these initiatives and assessed their anticipated impacts on farming practices, landscape patterns, and natural resources at the landscape level. The results revealed that these initiatives were led by diverse, and sometimes conflicting, strategies to reduce pesticide use that focused mainly on optimizing pesticide use in dominant agricultural systems, alongside farm reconfiguration and biodiversity integration strategies. This study advances current knowledge by providing actionable insights to improve collective action at the landscape level, such as spaces for synergies for landscape-level coordination and identified barriers to this coordination. Our findings emphasize the importance of embracing complexity when designing and implementing pesticide-reduction strategies.</p>