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<p>Understanding the cognitive effects of insecticide exposure in honey bees is critical to understanding pollinator decline and its ecological and agricultural implications. This study investigates the effects of two widely used insecticides at field realistic doses, Deltamethrin (2&#xa0;ng/bee) and Imidacloprid (0.5&#xa0;ng/bee), on olfactory learning and memory in honey bees, alone and in combination. A proboscis extension reflex olfactory conditioning protocol was used to assess this. Both insecticides and their Combination caused similar impairments in learning ability, reducing the proportion of bees able to form olfactory associations by around 49.9%. Imidacloprid alone negatively affected the learning rate, requiring 31.4% more trials to elicit a conditioned response, while Deltamethrin or the Combination had no effect. Short-term (1&#xa0;h) memory retention was unaffected, while long-term (24&#xa0;h) memory retention was reduced by 48.2% by Imidacloprid and the Combination of the insecticides. We found no additive or synergistic effect of the insecticide combination; on the contrary, an antagonistic effect on learning rate was observed, raising concerns about the unpredictability of real-world insecticide interactions and their implications for risk assessment. Our results highlight the importance of considering diverse cognitive systems and incorporating mixtures of pesticides commonly detected in the environment into regulatory assessments, as well as evaluating colony- and field-level impacts to better understand the ecological and agricultural consequences of pesticide use.</p>

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Honey bee (Apis mellifera) cognition under exposure to field-relevant doses of Deltamethrin and Imidacloprid: isolated and combined effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月13日

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  • Vagner Luiz Graeff-Filho,
  • Luiz Ernesto Costa-Schmidt,
  • Felipe Diehl,
  • Cristiano Agra Iserhard

摘要

Understanding the cognitive effects of insecticide exposure in honey bees is critical to understanding pollinator decline and its ecological and agricultural implications. This study investigates the effects of two widely used insecticides at field realistic doses, Deltamethrin (2 ng/bee) and Imidacloprid (0.5 ng/bee), on olfactory learning and memory in honey bees, alone and in combination. A proboscis extension reflex olfactory conditioning protocol was used to assess this. Both insecticides and their Combination caused similar impairments in learning ability, reducing the proportion of bees able to form olfactory associations by around 49.9%. Imidacloprid alone negatively affected the learning rate, requiring 31.4% more trials to elicit a conditioned response, while Deltamethrin or the Combination had no effect. Short-term (1 h) memory retention was unaffected, while long-term (24 h) memory retention was reduced by 48.2% by Imidacloprid and the Combination of the insecticides. We found no additive or synergistic effect of the insecticide combination; on the contrary, an antagonistic effect on learning rate was observed, raising concerns about the unpredictability of real-world insecticide interactions and their implications for risk assessment. Our results highlight the importance of considering diverse cognitive systems and incorporating mixtures of pesticides commonly detected in the environment into regulatory assessments, as well as evaluating colony- and field-level impacts to better understand the ecological and agricultural consequences of pesticide use.