Comparative analysis of metabolites in roots, leaves, and stems of Anthriscus sylvestris at different harvest stages

Anthriscus sylvestris, a member of the Apiaceae family, is an important medicinal plant resource, particularly valued for its lignan-rich roots, which have been widely studied for pharmaceutical applications. Although different plant parts often share common constituents, they may also contain unique metabolites that serve as alternative sources of bioactive materials. Furthermore, the composition and concentration of these metabolites can vary depending on cultivation conditions and harvest timing. In this study, the chemical profiles of the roots, leaves, and stems of A. sylvestris harvested at different harvest time were compared. Seven compounds, chlorogenic acid (1), cynaroside (2), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3a), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3b), deoxypodophyllotoxin (4), yatein (5), and anthriscusin (6), were successively isolated. Quantitative analysis revealed that major lignans, deoxypodophyllotoxin (4) and yatein (5), were present in all plant organs, while flavonoid cynaroside (2) was exclusively detected in the leaves, and the lignan derivative anthriscusin (6) was specific to the roots. The content of these compounds varied according to both the plant organ and harvest time. Notably, level of cynaroside (2) concentration in the leaves were high during March and May but became undetectable in October. Major lignans, deoxypodophyllotoxin (4) and yatein (5), were most abundant in the roots, while their levels in the leaves and stems were comparatively lower. Collectively, these findings indicate that, in addition to roots, the leaves and stems of A. sylvestris could also serve as valuable sources of bioactive metabolites. Optimization of plant organs and harvest timing will enhance the efficient utilization of A. sylvestris in various functional and pharmaceutical applications.