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<p>Petal color is the key ornamental trait of <i>Dianthus</i> species, attracting both pollinators and human interest. Although pigment composition is widely regarded as the primary determinant of floral coloration, epidermal cell morphology may also influence color appearance by modulating light reflection and scattering. However, the interplay between epidermal structure, pigment composition, and observed color patterns of petals in <i>Dianthus</i> remains insufficiently characterized. In this study, 25 <i>Dianthus</i> germplasms were analyzed to investigate the relationship between pigment distribution pattern, epidermal cell structure, and floral color phenotype. The 25 petals were classified into four color categories, five distinct pigment distribution patterns and four types of upper epidermal cell morphologies based on clustering of quantitative colorimetric values and petal transverse structure. Correlation analyses revealed a significant association between epidermal morphology and petal coloration. Analysis of pigment composition and anthocyanin content in 11 carnation varieties revealed that flavonoids and anthocyanins are the major pigment components in carnation petals, and anthocyanins were detected exclusively in red- and pink-colored varieties. Transcriptome analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expression of <i>DcaMYB4</i> and pigment accumulation. Overexpression of <i>DcaMYB4</i> led to increased pigment accumulation and upregulated the expression of anthocyanin structural genes. Overall, our study provides a foundational basis for engineering multi-layered color traits in <i>Dianthus</i> through targeting both cellular morphology and key transcriptional regulators like <i>DcaMYB4</i>.</p>

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The cellular structure of petals and pigmentation affect the coloration of Dianthus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Wenjie Zhou,
  • Yifei Tang,
  • Jiayi Li,
  • Yangyi Yang,
  • Zehao Wang,
  • Yuhang Yan,
  • Xingqun He,
  • Manzhu Bao,
  • Xiaopeng Fu

摘要

Petal color is the key ornamental trait of Dianthus species, attracting both pollinators and human interest. Although pigment composition is widely regarded as the primary determinant of floral coloration, epidermal cell morphology may also influence color appearance by modulating light reflection and scattering. However, the interplay between epidermal structure, pigment composition, and observed color patterns of petals in Dianthus remains insufficiently characterized. In this study, 25 Dianthus germplasms were analyzed to investigate the relationship between pigment distribution pattern, epidermal cell structure, and floral color phenotype. The 25 petals were classified into four color categories, five distinct pigment distribution patterns and four types of upper epidermal cell morphologies based on clustering of quantitative colorimetric values and petal transverse structure. Correlation analyses revealed a significant association between epidermal morphology and petal coloration. Analysis of pigment composition and anthocyanin content in 11 carnation varieties revealed that flavonoids and anthocyanins are the major pigment components in carnation petals, and anthocyanins were detected exclusively in red- and pink-colored varieties. Transcriptome analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expression of DcaMYB4 and pigment accumulation. Overexpression of DcaMYB4 led to increased pigment accumulation and upregulated the expression of anthocyanin structural genes. Overall, our study provides a foundational basis for engineering multi-layered color traits in Dianthus through targeting both cellular morphology and key transcriptional regulators like DcaMYB4.