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<p>This study examines how countries list critical raw materials (CRMs) based on their positions in global supply chains (producer, consumer, or both) and develops a tailored criticality assessment framework for Canada. A comparative analysis of CRM lists and methodologies across several countries reveals criteria shaped by national interests: producer countries emphasize upstream capacity and export potential, while consumer nations focus on supply risk and industrial dependency. Insights from this analysis inform the design of a hybrid Canadian framework that integrates supply risk (demand–supply imbalance, concentration, geopolitical risk, and substitutability) and strategic significance (sectoral relevance and domestic feasibility). Applying the framework to Canada’s 2024 CRM list shows generally high strategic relevance but heterogeneous risk profiles. Niobium, tellurium, and platinum group metals rank with the highest criticality, while others remain strategically important with lower risk. The study offers a replicable, policy-relevant method that bridges producer and consumer perspectives, supporting resilient CRM governance and clean energy transitions.</p>

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Critical raw materials in producer and consumer countries: From global insights to the Canadian framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Marianna Ottoni,
  • Steven B. Young,
  • Komal Habib

摘要

This study examines how countries list critical raw materials (CRMs) based on their positions in global supply chains (producer, consumer, or both) and develops a tailored criticality assessment framework for Canada. A comparative analysis of CRM lists and methodologies across several countries reveals criteria shaped by national interests: producer countries emphasize upstream capacity and export potential, while consumer nations focus on supply risk and industrial dependency. Insights from this analysis inform the design of a hybrid Canadian framework that integrates supply risk (demand–supply imbalance, concentration, geopolitical risk, and substitutability) and strategic significance (sectoral relevance and domestic feasibility). Applying the framework to Canada’s 2024 CRM list shows generally high strategic relevance but heterogeneous risk profiles. Niobium, tellurium, and platinum group metals rank with the highest criticality, while others remain strategically important with lower risk. The study offers a replicable, policy-relevant method that bridges producer and consumer perspectives, supporting resilient CRM governance and clean energy transitions.