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<p>Rare earth elements (REEs) serve as the fundamental material basis for low-carbon innovation and development, playing a vital role in the global energy and environmental landscape. However, previous studies have not analyzed the global trade of rare earth products from the perspective of individual elements. To address this gap, the present study quantifies the REEs embodied in international trade products over the 2011–2021 period, using material flow analysis techniques. Then, a multilayer network of the REEs trade is constructed to capture the intricate industry supply chain. This multilayer network model also enables the analysis of structural vulnerabilities and resilience within the rare earth trade system, informing risk mitigation efforts. The findings reveal heterogeneous import and export patterns of REEs among countries, both from an industrial chain and spatiotemporal viewpoint. At last, the article concludes by summarizing the key findings and discussing the implications for the global REEs trade.</p>

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Reevaluating multilayered trade patterns and risk contagion in the global rare earth market

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Chi Xu,
  • Yufei Xu,
  • Cuixia Gao

摘要

Rare earth elements (REEs) serve as the fundamental material basis for low-carbon innovation and development, playing a vital role in the global energy and environmental landscape. However, previous studies have not analyzed the global trade of rare earth products from the perspective of individual elements. To address this gap, the present study quantifies the REEs embodied in international trade products over the 2011–2021 period, using material flow analysis techniques. Then, a multilayer network of the REEs trade is constructed to capture the intricate industry supply chain. This multilayer network model also enables the analysis of structural vulnerabilities and resilience within the rare earth trade system, informing risk mitigation efforts. The findings reveal heterogeneous import and export patterns of REEs among countries, both from an industrial chain and spatiotemporal viewpoint. At last, the article concludes by summarizing the key findings and discussing the implications for the global REEs trade.