<p>Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials for improving crop productivity and resilience under adverse environmental conditions. This review examines recent advances in the synthesis, uptake, translocation, mechanisms of action, agricultural applications, limitations, and future prospects of SiNPs in crop production. SiNPs can be applied through seed priming, foliar sprays and soil fertigation, with their effectiveness influenced by nanoparticle characteristics, dosage, plant species, and environmental conditions. SiNPs enhance plant growth and yield by improving nutrient acquisition, water relations, photosynthetic efficiency, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, hormonal regulation, and cellular ultrastructure. In addition, SiNPs mitigate drought, salinity, temperature extremes, heavy metal toxicity, and pathogen attack through coordinated physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses. They also improve soil physicochemical properties and microbial activities and can serve as nanocarriers for the controlled delivery of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. However, concerns regarding phytotoxicity, environmental accumulation, food-chain transfer, and long-term ecological impacts remain inadequately understood. Overall, current evidence highlights the considerable potential of SiNPs for climate-resilient and resource-efficient crop production. Nevertheless, further field-scale validation, standardized application protocols, environmental risk assessment, and regulatory frameworks are required to ensure their safe and sustainable agricultural deployment.</p>