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<p>Soil salinity is the major problem worldwide that affects agricultural productivity, because most of the crops are sensitive to salinity. The excess salt, such as sodium, potassium and chloride, leads to stunted growth and metabolic damage due to osmotic stress and ion-specific programmed cell death (PCD). Climate change, overwatering, and poor farming practices are some of the factors making the worse issue of soil salinity. Plant function depends on cytosolic K<sup>+</sup> retention, which keeps the cytosol’s potassium-to-sodium (K<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup>) ratio high. K<sup>+</sup> efflux channels, such as GORK, can be activated by ROS, such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. On the other hand, by preserving photosynthetic efficiency and boosting antioxidant activities, a sufficient (K<sup>+</sup>) supply helps limit the production of ROS. Ion channels may be adversely affected by elevated amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during salt stress. Plants under salinity stress activate important molecular signaling pathways, such as the Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase (CDPK), and ABA pathways, in order to control gene expression and ion homeostasis. Changes in stomatal density offer a long-term morphological correction, while stomatal closure quickly controls the dynamic balance of CO<sub>2</sub> uptake and water loss. Despite that exogenous protectants have been known to improve the adverse impacts on salt-exposed plants under salinity stress in recent decades. These protectants revealed the ability to improve the growth and yield of crops and also improved salt stress resistance. Plant growth regulators (PGRs), micronutrients, osmolytes, microbes and nanoparticles are examples of these substances. Therefore, the current review focused on plant signaling pathways, tolerance mechanisms, and role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) under salinity stress. The study will be helpful for understanding salinity conditions and plant response mechanisms, as well as for selecting suitable salt-tolerant varieties for sustainable agriculture in salt-prone regions.</p>

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Plant response mechanisms under soil salinity stress and its mitigation and management strategies: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Bhavna Nigam,
  • Dheeraj Rathore,
  • Indra Jeet Chaudhary

摘要

Soil salinity is the major problem worldwide that affects agricultural productivity, because most of the crops are sensitive to salinity. The excess salt, such as sodium, potassium and chloride, leads to stunted growth and metabolic damage due to osmotic stress and ion-specific programmed cell death (PCD). Climate change, overwatering, and poor farming practices are some of the factors making the worse issue of soil salinity. Plant function depends on cytosolic K+ retention, which keeps the cytosol’s potassium-to-sodium (K+/Na+) ratio high. K+ efflux channels, such as GORK, can be activated by ROS, such as H2O2. On the other hand, by preserving photosynthetic efficiency and boosting antioxidant activities, a sufficient (K+) supply helps limit the production of ROS. Ion channels may be adversely affected by elevated amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during salt stress. Plants under salinity stress activate important molecular signaling pathways, such as the Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase (CDPK), and ABA pathways, in order to control gene expression and ion homeostasis. Changes in stomatal density offer a long-term morphological correction, while stomatal closure quickly controls the dynamic balance of CO2 uptake and water loss. Despite that exogenous protectants have been known to improve the adverse impacts on salt-exposed plants under salinity stress in recent decades. These protectants revealed the ability to improve the growth and yield of crops and also improved salt stress resistance. Plant growth regulators (PGRs), micronutrients, osmolytes, microbes and nanoparticles are examples of these substances. Therefore, the current review focused on plant signaling pathways, tolerance mechanisms, and role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) under salinity stress. The study will be helpful for understanding salinity conditions and plant response mechanisms, as well as for selecting suitable salt-tolerant varieties for sustainable agriculture in salt-prone regions.