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<p>Coffee leaves are gaining attention as alternative functional ingredients due to their bioactive profiles, including chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and flavonoids. However, the variation in these compounds with leaf maturity and their influence on functional properties remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition and associated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of <i>Coffea arabica</i> var. Caturra leaves were harvested at five developmental stages under controlled greenhouse conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and caffeine, while mangiferin was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined. The radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS assays. Anti-inflammatory responses were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW-Blue™ macrophages by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production, NF-κB/AP-1 activation, and iNOS expression. The youngest leaves exhibited significantly higher levels of 5-CQA and caffeine, correlating with greater antioxidant activity, while mature leaves showed enhanced anti-inflammatory responses associated with increased flavonoid content. Notably, caffeine content in young leaves (38.4&#xa0;mg/g) exceeded that of other stages, suggesting caution for caffeine-sensitive consumers. These findings underscore the dual functional potential of coffee leaves across maturity stages and support the use of targeted harvesting strategies for specific health applications.</p>

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Comparative analysis of phytochemical composition and functional attributes in coffee leaves at different developmental stages

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Yoon A Jeon,
  • Yeong Hui Kim,
  • Somi Kim Cho,
  • Seong Cheol Kim,
  • Young Jae Lee

摘要

Coffee leaves are gaining attention as alternative functional ingredients due to their bioactive profiles, including chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and flavonoids. However, the variation in these compounds with leaf maturity and their influence on functional properties remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition and associated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Coffea arabica var. Caturra leaves were harvested at five developmental stages under controlled greenhouse conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and caffeine, while mangiferin was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined. The radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS assays. Anti-inflammatory responses were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW-Blue™ macrophages by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production, NF-κB/AP-1 activation, and iNOS expression. The youngest leaves exhibited significantly higher levels of 5-CQA and caffeine, correlating with greater antioxidant activity, while mature leaves showed enhanced anti-inflammatory responses associated with increased flavonoid content. Notably, caffeine content in young leaves (38.4 mg/g) exceeded that of other stages, suggesting caution for caffeine-sensitive consumers. These findings underscore the dual functional potential of coffee leaves across maturity stages and support the use of targeted harvesting strategies for specific health applications.