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<p>Salicylic acid enhances flowering in <i>Lemna gibba</i> L. (a long-day monocotyledonous plant), leading to earlier initiation of flowering under long days and induction of flowering under non-inductive conditions. The nitric oxide scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide partially suppressed salicylic acid-induced flowering, indicating the involvement of nitric oxide. The nitrate reductase inhibitor, sodium tungstate, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-ω-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester hydrochloride, significantly reduced salicylic acid-enhanced and induced flowering under both light regimes. Salicylic acid-treated fronds showed higher nitrate reductase activity than the controls under both light conditions, suggesting nitric oxide synthesis via the nitrate reductase pathway in the presence of salicylic acid. These findings are further supported by the observation of higher nitric acid concentrations in salicylic acid-treated fronds before flowering under both light regimes. The reactive oxygen species scavengers, dimethyl thiourea, and N-methyl L-cysteine, significantly negated the effects of salicylic acid on flowering in both long and short days. The combined application of nitric acid and reactive oxygen species scavengers had an additive effect, reducing flowering in salicylic acid-treated fronds to control levels under long-day conditions and completely repressing it under short-day conditions. Additionally, salicylic acid-treated fronds exhibited increased malondialdehyde content and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities under both light regimes, indicating oxidative stress. Statistical analyses, including Kruskal-Wallis and bootstrap resampling, confirmed the robustness of the results. These findings suggest that flowering in <i>L. gibba</i> is induced by salicylic acid through a stress-mediated signaling pathway involving nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species.</p>

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Salicylic acid-triggered flowering in Lemna gibba: evidence of a stress-mediated pathway via NO and ROS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月30日

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  • Samvedana Chauhan,
  • Deepshikha Chatterjee,
  • Latif Ahmad Peer,
  • Bilal Ahmad Mir,
  • Shashi B. Babbar

摘要

Salicylic acid enhances flowering in Lemna gibba L. (a long-day monocotyledonous plant), leading to earlier initiation of flowering under long days and induction of flowering under non-inductive conditions. The nitric oxide scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide partially suppressed salicylic acid-induced flowering, indicating the involvement of nitric oxide. The nitrate reductase inhibitor, sodium tungstate, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-ω-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester hydrochloride, significantly reduced salicylic acid-enhanced and induced flowering under both light regimes. Salicylic acid-treated fronds showed higher nitrate reductase activity than the controls under both light conditions, suggesting nitric oxide synthesis via the nitrate reductase pathway in the presence of salicylic acid. These findings are further supported by the observation of higher nitric acid concentrations in salicylic acid-treated fronds before flowering under both light regimes. The reactive oxygen species scavengers, dimethyl thiourea, and N-methyl L-cysteine, significantly negated the effects of salicylic acid on flowering in both long and short days. The combined application of nitric acid and reactive oxygen species scavengers had an additive effect, reducing flowering in salicylic acid-treated fronds to control levels under long-day conditions and completely repressing it under short-day conditions. Additionally, salicylic acid-treated fronds exhibited increased malondialdehyde content and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities under both light regimes, indicating oxidative stress. Statistical analyses, including Kruskal-Wallis and bootstrap resampling, confirmed the robustness of the results. These findings suggest that flowering in L. gibba is induced by salicylic acid through a stress-mediated signaling pathway involving nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species.