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<p>Plasma–liquid interaction is an effective approach for generating chemically active solutions with potential applications in plasma medicine, environmental treatment, and biomedical technologies. In this work, a comparative study was performed to investigate the activation of normal saline using two atmospheric-pressure plasma systems that use the same Ar–O₂ feeding gas mixture: atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Excited species, including OH, O, Ar, and N₂, were validated by optical emission spectroscopy, showing active plasma processes and contact with surrounding air. As exposure duration increased, plasma therapy dramatically changed the saline solution’s physicochemical characteristics. The pH decreased from approximately 6.4 to nearly 4.0, while the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) increased to about 480 mV, indicating the formation of a strongly oxidative environment. Reactive species accumulated progressively in the liquid phase. The DBD system produced higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and nitrate, reaching about 250 ppm after 20&#xa0;min of treatment, whereas the plasma jet generated lower nitrate levels but showed a stronger increase in electrical conductivity, rising from about 15.5 to nearly 28 mS cm⁻¹. In addition, the plasma jet exhibited slightly higher nitrite accumulation at longer treatment times. These findings demonstrate that although both plasma systems effectively activate saline solution, the plasma configuration plays a critical role in determining reactive species generation and the resulting physicochemical characteristics of the liquid. This comparative analysis provides important insight into plasma–liquid interaction mechanisms and highlights the importance of discharge design in tailoring plasma-activated solutions for future biomedical and environmental applications.</p>

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Comparative Physical and Physicochemical Characterization of Normal Saline Activated by two Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Maryam G. Jasim,
  • Hammad R. Humud

摘要

Plasma–liquid interaction is an effective approach for generating chemically active solutions with potential applications in plasma medicine, environmental treatment, and biomedical technologies. In this work, a comparative study was performed to investigate the activation of normal saline using two atmospheric-pressure plasma systems that use the same Ar–O₂ feeding gas mixture: atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Excited species, including OH, O, Ar, and N₂, were validated by optical emission spectroscopy, showing active plasma processes and contact with surrounding air. As exposure duration increased, plasma therapy dramatically changed the saline solution’s physicochemical characteristics. The pH decreased from approximately 6.4 to nearly 4.0, while the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) increased to about 480 mV, indicating the formation of a strongly oxidative environment. Reactive species accumulated progressively in the liquid phase. The DBD system produced higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and nitrate, reaching about 250 ppm after 20 min of treatment, whereas the plasma jet generated lower nitrate levels but showed a stronger increase in electrical conductivity, rising from about 15.5 to nearly 28 mS cm⁻¹. In addition, the plasma jet exhibited slightly higher nitrite accumulation at longer treatment times. These findings demonstrate that although both plasma systems effectively activate saline solution, the plasma configuration plays a critical role in determining reactive species generation and the resulting physicochemical characteristics of the liquid. This comparative analysis provides important insight into plasma–liquid interaction mechanisms and highlights the importance of discharge design in tailoring plasma-activated solutions for future biomedical and environmental applications.