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<p>The aim of our study to explore the relationship between solar energetic particle (SEP) events and solar flares linked with halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) between 1996 and 2023 (Solar Cycles 23, 24 and 25). The probability of SEP occurrences and their peak fluxes are largely dependent on halo CMEs, according to our findings. The HCMEs with speed with 1500 ≤ v ≤ 2000&#xa0;km/s have the largest association (31% for occurrence probability and 65% for average peak fluxes), whereas the halo CMEs with speed range 500 ≤ v ≤ 1000&#xa0;km/s have the lowest association (18% for occurrence probability and 2% for average peak fluxes) for Solar Cycle 23. In Solar cycle 24, the largest correlations are 40% for HCME occurrence probabilities with 1000 ≤ v ≤ 1500&#xa0;km/s and 61% for halo CME peak fluxes with v &gt; 2000&#xa0;km/s. In contrast, the lowest correlations are 16% for SEP event occurrence probabilities with 500 ≤ v ≤ 1000&#xa0;km/s and average peak flux is 3% with v &gt; 2000&#xa0;km/s. The greatest associations for Solar Cycle 25 are 50% for occurrence probability and 75% for average peak fluxes for HCMEs with a speed range of 1000 ≤ v ≤ 1500&#xa0;km/s; however, the halo CMEs with speed v &gt; 2000&#xa0;km/s have the lowest association (0% for both occurrence probability and average peak fluxes). In Solar Cycle 23, SEP occurrences are substantially correlated with solar flares that originate from the southern hemisphere of the Sun (57%) with a belt spanning from 11 to 20 degree. Regarding the longitudinal distribution, solar flare with a western hemisphere origin (75%) and a belt ranging from 0 to 20 degree are strongly linked to SEP occurrences than are solar flares with an eastern hemisphere. In Solar Cycle 24, solar flares from western hemisphere predominate in terms of longitudinal distribution (72%) with a belt ranging from 21 to 40 degree while solar flares from northern hemisphere (55%) predominate over the southern hemisphere in terms of latitudinal distribution with a belt ranging from 11 to 20 degree. Lastly, in Solar Cycle 25, solar flares from the western hemisphere account for 100% of the total solar flares, while in terms of latitudinal distribution, solar flares from the northern hemisphere (75%) predominate over southern hemisphere. Additionally, we looked at the various solar flares classes that predominate during certain cycles and discovered that, in Solar Cycle 23, the greatest number of events is linked to X class solar flares rather than M class and C class solar flares, and in Solar Cycle 24 and 25, the greatest number of events is linked to M class solar flares, with a percentage of 50% and 75%, respectively.</p>

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Study of Large Solar Energetic Particle Events with Halo CMEs and their Association with Solar Flares for Solar Cycles 23, 24 and 25

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Chandni Mathpal,
  • Lalan Prasad

摘要

The aim of our study to explore the relationship between solar energetic particle (SEP) events and solar flares linked with halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) between 1996 and 2023 (Solar Cycles 23, 24 and 25). The probability of SEP occurrences and their peak fluxes are largely dependent on halo CMEs, according to our findings. The HCMEs with speed with 1500 ≤ v ≤ 2000 km/s have the largest association (31% for occurrence probability and 65% for average peak fluxes), whereas the halo CMEs with speed range 500 ≤ v ≤ 1000 km/s have the lowest association (18% for occurrence probability and 2% for average peak fluxes) for Solar Cycle 23. In Solar cycle 24, the largest correlations are 40% for HCME occurrence probabilities with 1000 ≤ v ≤ 1500 km/s and 61% for halo CME peak fluxes with v > 2000 km/s. In contrast, the lowest correlations are 16% for SEP event occurrence probabilities with 500 ≤ v ≤ 1000 km/s and average peak flux is 3% with v > 2000 km/s. The greatest associations for Solar Cycle 25 are 50% for occurrence probability and 75% for average peak fluxes for HCMEs with a speed range of 1000 ≤ v ≤ 1500 km/s; however, the halo CMEs with speed v > 2000 km/s have the lowest association (0% for both occurrence probability and average peak fluxes). In Solar Cycle 23, SEP occurrences are substantially correlated with solar flares that originate from the southern hemisphere of the Sun (57%) with a belt spanning from 11 to 20 degree. Regarding the longitudinal distribution, solar flare with a western hemisphere origin (75%) and a belt ranging from 0 to 20 degree are strongly linked to SEP occurrences than are solar flares with an eastern hemisphere. In Solar Cycle 24, solar flares from western hemisphere predominate in terms of longitudinal distribution (72%) with a belt ranging from 21 to 40 degree while solar flares from northern hemisphere (55%) predominate over the southern hemisphere in terms of latitudinal distribution with a belt ranging from 11 to 20 degree. Lastly, in Solar Cycle 25, solar flares from the western hemisphere account for 100% of the total solar flares, while in terms of latitudinal distribution, solar flares from the northern hemisphere (75%) predominate over southern hemisphere. Additionally, we looked at the various solar flares classes that predominate during certain cycles and discovered that, in Solar Cycle 23, the greatest number of events is linked to X class solar flares rather than M class and C class solar flares, and in Solar Cycle 24 and 25, the greatest number of events is linked to M class solar flares, with a percentage of 50% and 75%, respectively.