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<p>This study investigates the synthesis and photocatalytic performance of α-Fe₂O₃–graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites with varying GO contents (15, 30, and 45&#xa0;mg) for the degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) under ultraviolet (UV) and Xenon light irradiation. The structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of the nanocomposites are comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Initially, α-Fe₂O₃–30GO demonstrates the highest photocatalytic efficiency under Xenon light (36.26%), attributed to enhanced surface area and improved charge separation. Meanwhile, α-Fe₂O₃–45GO exhibits degradation under UV light with 30.50% PNP removal. Surprisingly, long-term analysis after 21&#xa0;days of dark rest reveal a significant increase in PNP degradation across all samples, for α-Fe₂O₃–15GO (90.93 and 97.40), α-Fe₂O₃–30GO (93.24 and 95.67), and α-Fe₂O₃–45GO (58.21 and 26.92) after UV and Xenon pre-treatment, respectively. This delayed degradation suggests persistent reactive species or slow adsorption–desorption dynamics that continue pollutant breakdown even in the absence of light. Magnetic characterization shows that the nanocomposites exhibit weak ferromagnetic behavior. Coercivity values are notably high for hematite-based systems and decreases with increasing GO content. The combination of photocatalytic activity and GO-modulated magnetic properties suggests that α-Fe₂O₃–GO nanocomposites are promising multifunctional materials for further investigation in environmental technologies. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that α-Fe₂O₃–GO nanocomposites not only act as environmentally friendly photocatalysts for p-nitrophenol removal but also sustain significant long-term degradation under dark conditions, highlighting their potential for practical and sustainable water treatment applications.</p>

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Eco-Friendly α-Fe₂O₃–GO Photocatalysts with Long-Term Activity Against p-Nitrophenol: A Promising Approach for Sustainable Water Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月15日

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  • Salimeh Kimiagar,
  • Fatemeh Khojasteh,
  • Frederico V. Gutierrez,
  • Sonia Letichevsky,
  • Carlos Alberto Senna,
  • Bruno Gomes Silva,
  • Rubem Luis Sommer,
  • Rodrigo Prioli,
  • Jefferson F. D. F. Araujo

摘要

This study investigates the synthesis and photocatalytic performance of α-Fe₂O₃–graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites with varying GO contents (15, 30, and 45 mg) for the degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) under ultraviolet (UV) and Xenon light irradiation. The structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of the nanocomposites are comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Initially, α-Fe₂O₃–30GO demonstrates the highest photocatalytic efficiency under Xenon light (36.26%), attributed to enhanced surface area and improved charge separation. Meanwhile, α-Fe₂O₃–45GO exhibits degradation under UV light with 30.50% PNP removal. Surprisingly, long-term analysis after 21 days of dark rest reveal a significant increase in PNP degradation across all samples, for α-Fe₂O₃–15GO (90.93 and 97.40), α-Fe₂O₃–30GO (93.24 and 95.67), and α-Fe₂O₃–45GO (58.21 and 26.92) after UV and Xenon pre-treatment, respectively. This delayed degradation suggests persistent reactive species or slow adsorption–desorption dynamics that continue pollutant breakdown even in the absence of light. Magnetic characterization shows that the nanocomposites exhibit weak ferromagnetic behavior. Coercivity values are notably high for hematite-based systems and decreases with increasing GO content. The combination of photocatalytic activity and GO-modulated magnetic properties suggests that α-Fe₂O₃–GO nanocomposites are promising multifunctional materials for further investigation in environmental technologies. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that α-Fe₂O₃–GO nanocomposites not only act as environmentally friendly photocatalysts for p-nitrophenol removal but also sustain significant long-term degradation under dark conditions, highlighting their potential for practical and sustainable water treatment applications.