<p>In this research, we propose a modified version of the 3-3-1 model, incorporating a type-I+II seesaw mechanism and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z_{4}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> discrete symmetry, as a framework for investigating lepton flavor-violating (LFV) decays. This model successfully yields the left-handed neutrino’s mass square differences in the eV scale, with specific values <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="183" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Delta m_{21}^{2}=7.12\times 10^{-5}~eV^{2},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7.12</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi>e</mi> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="177" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Delta m_{31}^{2}=2.55\times 10^{-3}~eV^{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <mn>31</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.55</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi>e</mi> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and generates mixing angles <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="228" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sin ^{2}\theta _{12}=0.304,~\sin ^{2}\theta _{23}=0.595~\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mo>sin</mo> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>12</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.304</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <msup> <mo>sin</mo> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>23</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.595</mn> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="153" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sin ^{2} \theta _{13}=2.15\times 10^{-2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mo>sin</mo> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>13</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.15</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> that align with experimental data. Furthermore, we develop SARAH and SPheno (Comput. Phy. Commun. <b>185</b>, 1773, 2014) algorithms tailored for our modified model, enabling us to estimate the magnitude of LFV observables. Our calculations indicate favorable results for various LFV branching ratios, including <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="204" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Br(\mu \rightarrow e\gamma )=7.82\times 10^{-20},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7.82</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="203" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Br(\tau \rightarrow e\gamma )=3.66\times 10^{-22},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.66</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>22</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="205" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Br(\tau \rightarrow \mu \gamma )=1.03\times 10^{-19},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.03</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="209" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Br(\tau \rightarrow eee)=3.97\times 10^{-12},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.97</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="216" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Br(\tau \rightarrow \mu \mu \mu )=1.33\times 10^{-12},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.33</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="206" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Br(\tau \rightarrow \mu ee)=8.89\times 10^{-13}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8.89</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These findings demonstrate improved agreement with experimental measurements compared to previously reported results, which typically fall within the range of <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10^{-2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13538_2025_1754_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10^{-6}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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The 3-3-1 Model with Exotic Electric Charges, Right-Handed Neutrinos with Type-I+II Seesaw Mechanism and Their Effects on LFV

  • Abrar Ahmad,
  • Shakeel Mahmood,
  • Farida Tahir,
  • Fizza Atif,
  • Wasi Uz Zaman

摘要

In this research, we propose a modified version of the 3-3-1 model, incorporating a type-I+II seesaw mechanism and \(Z_{4}\) Z 4 discrete symmetry, as a framework for investigating lepton flavor-violating (LFV) decays. This model successfully yields the left-handed neutrino’s mass square differences in the eV scale, with specific values \(\Delta m_{21}^{2}=7.12\times 10^{-5}~eV^{2},\) Δ m 21 2 = 7.12 × 10 - 5 e V 2 , \(\Delta m_{31}^{2}=2.55\times 10^{-3}~eV^{2}\) Δ m 31 2 = 2.55 × 10 - 3 e V 2 , and generates mixing angles \(\sin ^{2}\theta _{12}=0.304,~\sin ^{2}\theta _{23}=0.595~\) sin 2 θ 12 = 0.304 , sin 2 θ 23 = 0.595 and \(\sin ^{2} \theta _{13}=2.15\times 10^{-2}\) sin 2 θ 13 = 2.15 × 10 - 2 that align with experimental data. Furthermore, we develop SARAH and SPheno (Comput. Phy. Commun. 185, 1773, 2014) algorithms tailored for our modified model, enabling us to estimate the magnitude of LFV observables. Our calculations indicate favorable results for various LFV branching ratios, including \(Br(\mu \rightarrow e\gamma )=7.82\times 10^{-20},\) B r ( μ e γ ) = 7.82 × 10 - 20 , \(Br(\tau \rightarrow e\gamma )=3.66\times 10^{-22},\) B r ( τ e γ ) = 3.66 × 10 - 22 , \(Br(\tau \rightarrow \mu \gamma )=1.03\times 10^{-19},\) B r ( τ μ γ ) = 1.03 × 10 - 19 , \(Br(\tau \rightarrow eee)=3.97\times 10^{-12},\) B r ( τ e e e ) = 3.97 × 10 - 12 , \(Br(\tau \rightarrow \mu \mu \mu )=1.33\times 10^{-12},\) B r ( τ μ μ μ ) = 1.33 × 10 - 12 , \(Br(\tau \rightarrow \mu ee)=8.89\times 10^{-13}\) B r ( τ μ e e ) = 8.89 × 10 - 13 . These findings demonstrate improved agreement with experimental measurements compared to previously reported results, which typically fall within the range of \(10^{-2}\) 10 - 2 to \(10^{-6}\) 10 - 6 .