Coherent Manipulation of Covalent Interaction of Atoms Using Surface Plasmon Polariton Dispersion Relation and Kerr Nonlinearity

The characterization of covalent interactions between atoms is controlled and modified by the analysis of the dispersion relation of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves. The analysis was conducted at the interface of gold and dielectric cesium medium for the generation of SPPs and to extract information on covalent bonding among the atoms. Crucial information regarding atom localization and electron sharing among atoms is reported by damping and dispersion spectrums of SPPs. The real and imaginary components of the dispersion relation of SPP waves serve as indicators for the arrangement of atoms in elongated chains of covalent interactions. It is investigated that each atom contributes two electrons to the formation of double covalent bonds with neighboring atoms. The localization of atoms and the precise sharing of electrons is governed by the higher-order Kerr nonlinearity and the superposition of standing waves of control fields. Furthermore, the investigation extends to the identification of crystal defects within the optical lattice structure, which is achieved through an examination of the dispersion relation of surface SPP waves. Quantitatively eight atoms and twenty-four double covalent bonds are reported in the position ranges of \(2\lambda \) $2\lambda$ in xy-plane. Our results provide useful information about material structure and nanotechnology.