Advanced Terahertz Waveguide Biosensing: Blood Component Detection with a Pentagonal Cladding and Decagonal Core Fiber Design

An optical sensor that recognizes various blood constituent types is demonstrated in this work and is based on a pentagonal-shaped cladding photonic crystal fiber (PCF) model with a decagonal core. The terahertz frequency, which spans from 1.2 to 3 THz, has been examined with the goal of improving relative sensitivity with minimal confinement loss. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to analyze the sensor’s sensing and guiding properties through an implementation of the finite element method (FEM) technique. Regarding the chosen analytes, comprising red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (HB), white blood cells (WBCs), plasma, and water, notable relative sensitivity responses of 97.26%, 96.52%, 95.62%, 95.08%, and 93.84% are attained at a frequency of 2.2 THz. In order the same analytes and THz frequency in y-polarization mode, small confinement loss (CL) of 2.92 × 10⁻¹¹ dB/m and effective material loss (EML) of 0.0052 cm⁻¹ are also acquired respectively. All of these typical values for the optical characteristics show the biosensor’s potential because they assure higher sensitivity for detecting blood components while minimizing confinement and material loss.