Design and Development of New Lead-Free Complex Perovskite: (1-x) BiFeO₃ -x(Bi-K) (Ti/Mn) O₃, (x = 0.05, 0.1)

The complex lead-free perovskite ceramics, (1-x) BiFeO_3-X(B/K) Ti/MnO₃, where X = 0.05, 0.10 were fabricated by using a solid-state chemical reactions technology. The X-ray diffraction analysis exhibits the formation of the sample in rhombohedral crystal symmetry (#R3c). The average crystallite size for BKTM with 5% content and BKTM with 10% content was determined utilizing the Scherrer formula, resulting in sizes of 21.83 nm and 27.81 nm, respectively. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy spectrum analysis also supports the formation of compounds based on the characteristics peak corresponding to Bi-O and Ti-O bonds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows the distribution of grain and surface morphology. The surface morphology indicates dense grain development with no fractures. The mean grain size for BKTM with 5% content is approximately 2.73 μm, whereas for BKTM with 10% content, it is about 0.49 μm. This discovery could help with grain and grain border resistive and capacitive properties. The impedance study reveals the electrical behavior of the sample. The semicircular arc of the complex impedance and electrical modulus spectrum plots reveal the substance’s semiconducting properties.