Microplastic contamination in drinking water: global trends, health implications, and the emerging challenge in Nigeria
摘要
Microplastics (MPs), which refer to plastic components less than 5 mm in diameter, have become a common pollutant in the environment as a result of the degradation of larger plastic materials and through spillage from packaging. Their existence in the drinking water sources has led to growing concerns on human exposure and possible health hazards. This paper is a narrative review of literature on microplastic contamination in drinking water, particularly in bottled water, sachet water, and tap water. Considerable scientific databases were sought out to find relevant studies which were then analyzed according to contamination levels, sources, methods of detection, and the effects reported on the health. Results have shown that microplastics are ubiquitous in all drinking water sources, and bottled water commonly has higher contamination rates than tap water, in large part because of packaging degradation during production, storage, and handling. Polymer degradation also correlates with contamination under environmental stressors, including heat and ultraviolet radiation, of sachet water which is a common consumption practice in West Africa. The satchet water is a source of invisible threat of microplastics pollution in Nigeria. Health effects that have been reported with exposure to microplastics include inflammation, activation of the immune system, endocrine disruption, and possible bioaccumulation of toxic substances. Contamination of drinking water with microplastic is a new public health issue, especially in areas that use packaged water extensively. Standardized detection methodologies, better water treatment technologies, and effective regulatory arrangements are in dire need. The future studies need to focus on long-term health effects studies, the construction of effective microplastic elimination measures, and adopting more environmentally friendly options such as plastic-free packaging.