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<p>The expanding scale of industrial activity and agricultural intensification has substantially increased pesticide inputs into aquatic environments, primarily through surface runoff and leaching. These compounds are now recognized as critical contributors to freshwater and marine pollution, with far-reaching consequences for aquatic organisms and ecosystem functioning. This review offers a consolidated evaluation of pesticide-associated aquatic toxicity by integrating evidence across behavioral, physiological, biochemical, genetic, and endocrine responses, emphasizing fish as sensitive indicators of environmental stress. Distinct from earlier reviews that examine individual effects in isolation, the present synthesis adopts a mechanism-oriented, multi-scale approach, linking pesticide occurrence with biological responses from the cellular to organism level. Current findings demonstrate that pesticide exposure disrupts antioxidant defense systems, alters metabolic and enzymatic activities, induces genotoxic and endocrine effects, and impairs tissue integrity, collectively contributing to ecological imbalance and biodiversity loss. The review further addresses existing limitations in toxicity assessment and regulatory practices, particularly regarding chronic exposure and combined pesticide effects, and discusses emerging strategies aimed at reducing environmental risk. By integrating recent advances and identifying critical research gaps, this review provides a refined framework for understanding pesticide-driven aquatic toxicity and supports the development of more sustainable pest management and aquatic protection strategies.</p>

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Impact of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems: toxicity, pollution, and ecological consequence

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Lohitha Ramya Dorraju,
  • Ambiga Somasundaram,
  • Noorjahan Abdulbari,
  • Rohini Somasundaram,
  • Pasiyappazham Ramasamy

摘要

The expanding scale of industrial activity and agricultural intensification has substantially increased pesticide inputs into aquatic environments, primarily through surface runoff and leaching. These compounds are now recognized as critical contributors to freshwater and marine pollution, with far-reaching consequences for aquatic organisms and ecosystem functioning. This review offers a consolidated evaluation of pesticide-associated aquatic toxicity by integrating evidence across behavioral, physiological, biochemical, genetic, and endocrine responses, emphasizing fish as sensitive indicators of environmental stress. Distinct from earlier reviews that examine individual effects in isolation, the present synthesis adopts a mechanism-oriented, multi-scale approach, linking pesticide occurrence with biological responses from the cellular to organism level. Current findings demonstrate that pesticide exposure disrupts antioxidant defense systems, alters metabolic and enzymatic activities, induces genotoxic and endocrine effects, and impairs tissue integrity, collectively contributing to ecological imbalance and biodiversity loss. The review further addresses existing limitations in toxicity assessment and regulatory practices, particularly regarding chronic exposure and combined pesticide effects, and discusses emerging strategies aimed at reducing environmental risk. By integrating recent advances and identifying critical research gaps, this review provides a refined framework for understanding pesticide-driven aquatic toxicity and supports the development of more sustainable pest management and aquatic protection strategies.