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Objectives <p>Mutations in feline coronavirus (FCoV) can give rise to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), yet the selective contexts that shape these changes remain incompletely defined. We hypothesized that co-infection with feline parvovirus (FPV) alters the mutational and/or selective landscape of FCoV, thereby influencing the emergence of specific genetic variants during replication in vitro.</p> Methods <p>Co-infection was modeled in CRFK cells using single FCoV infection and FCoV–FPV co-infection conditions. We assessed viral replication dynamics, plaque phenotypes, the identity and frequencies of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and overall variant class frequencies (insertions, deletions, and substitutions) across sequencing reads.</p> Results <p>Co-infection altered viral dynamics: FCoV RNA increased with passage under both single- and co-infection conditions, whereas FPV DNA declined and was suppressed in the co-infected setting. Plaque assays showed a significant increase in FCoV plaque size during co-infection. NGS identified SNVs in ORF1a, ORF1b, E, and ORF7b, several of which reached significantly higher frequencies in the FCoV–FPV group than in the FCoV-only control. In contrast, when variants were broadly categorized by type (insertions, deletions, substitutions), no significant differences in overall mutation frequencies were observed between groups.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings indicate that FPV co-infection does not globally increase the mutation rate of FCoV under the conditions tested. Rather, FPV co-infection appears to modify selection pressures and/or replication context, enriching specific FCoV variants associated with discrete genetic changes.</p>

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Co-infection of feline coronavirus with feline parvovirus alters plaque phenotypes and single-nucleotide-variant frequencies compared with single infection in CRFK cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Ha Yeon Kim,
  • Van Thi Lo,
  • Seong Sik Jang,
  • Min Chan Kim,
  • Alain Chrysler Chamfort,
  • Da Young Mun,
  • Min Chang Kang,
  • Han Byul Lee,
  • Dae Gwin Jeong,
  • Hyoung Joon Moon,
  • Hye Kwon Kim

摘要

Objectives

Mutations in feline coronavirus (FCoV) can give rise to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), yet the selective contexts that shape these changes remain incompletely defined. We hypothesized that co-infection with feline parvovirus (FPV) alters the mutational and/or selective landscape of FCoV, thereby influencing the emergence of specific genetic variants during replication in vitro.

Methods

Co-infection was modeled in CRFK cells using single FCoV infection and FCoV–FPV co-infection conditions. We assessed viral replication dynamics, plaque phenotypes, the identity and frequencies of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and overall variant class frequencies (insertions, deletions, and substitutions) across sequencing reads.

Results

Co-infection altered viral dynamics: FCoV RNA increased with passage under both single- and co-infection conditions, whereas FPV DNA declined and was suppressed in the co-infected setting. Plaque assays showed a significant increase in FCoV plaque size during co-infection. NGS identified SNVs in ORF1a, ORF1b, E, and ORF7b, several of which reached significantly higher frequencies in the FCoV–FPV group than in the FCoV-only control. In contrast, when variants were broadly categorized by type (insertions, deletions, substitutions), no significant differences in overall mutation frequencies were observed between groups.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that FPV co-infection does not globally increase the mutation rate of FCoV under the conditions tested. Rather, FPV co-infection appears to modify selection pressures and/or replication context, enriching specific FCoV variants associated with discrete genetic changes.