<p>Micro- and nano-particles (MNPs) are man-made pollutants in the environment that have come about because of the breaking down of larger plastics. They are usually ingested or taken in through inhalation and skin exposure and often end up in tissues like the lungs, liver, and blood. Recent evidence suggests that they might also be instrumental in developing CVD, which includes promoting thrombosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and impairment in lipid metabolism. This review evaluates the available peer-reviewed literature related to the cardiovascular effects of MNPs with special emphasis on effects in humans, animals, and cellular models. Through contaminated food, airborne particles, or any other environmental means, MNPs enter the human body evidence, indicating that they reach the cardiovascular system. They cause cardiovascular injury through endothelial damage and detrimental effects to mitochondria in addition to altering lipid metabolism leading to the diseases of thrombosis, myocardial fibrosis, and plaque formation. It can activate platelets, unbalance coagulation, and damage blood vessels through inflammatory processes and signaling pathways like JAK1STAT3TF. Moreover, MNPs could alter gut microbiota leading to systemic inflammation and metabolic disturbances that ultimately affect cardiovascular health. MNPs are connected to aging and poor development of the fetal heart, as well as maternal cardiotoxicity. MNPs are associated with several cardiovascular conditions, including atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, arrhythmias, and vascular dysfunction, suggesting extensive involvement in endothelial damage and compromised blood vessel integrity. Whereas MNPs are associated with cardiovascular risks, causation remains unproven, requiring much more research in humans.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>