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<p>The unequal distribution of environmental impacts and benefits lies at the core of environmental justice discussions. However, identifying, measuring, and communicating these disparities present practical challenges. In our systematic review, we identified methodological approaches and key indicators that are recurrent in scientific literature focused on constructing indices and composite measures related to environmental justice. Following the PRISMA protocol guidelines, we selected 200 documents that met our inclusion criteria. These studies were then categorized based on their geographical scale, scale and type of data, and methodological and technical approaches. The key findings indicate a bias in environmental justice studies, which predominantly focus on the U.S., while developing countries remain underrepresented. Furthermore, the operationalization of environmental justice indices is primarily based on (i) secondary data and urban contexts; (ii) local scale of analysis (e.g., municipalities, cities, neighborhoods); (iii) quantitative methods (e.g., spatial and multivariate analyses); and (iv) indicators linked to Economic well-being, Land use and occupation, and Ethnic-racial equity. The majority of studies emphasize the distributive dimension of justice, while giving comparatively less attention to its participatory, procedural, and recognition dimensions.</p>

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How is environmental justice being operationalized and measured? Challenges and emerging topics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Walef Pena Guedes,
  • Bruna Angela Branchi,
  • Álvaro de Oliveira D’Antona

摘要

The unequal distribution of environmental impacts and benefits lies at the core of environmental justice discussions. However, identifying, measuring, and communicating these disparities present practical challenges. In our systematic review, we identified methodological approaches and key indicators that are recurrent in scientific literature focused on constructing indices and composite measures related to environmental justice. Following the PRISMA protocol guidelines, we selected 200 documents that met our inclusion criteria. These studies were then categorized based on their geographical scale, scale and type of data, and methodological and technical approaches. The key findings indicate a bias in environmental justice studies, which predominantly focus on the U.S., while developing countries remain underrepresented. Furthermore, the operationalization of environmental justice indices is primarily based on (i) secondary data and urban contexts; (ii) local scale of analysis (e.g., municipalities, cities, neighborhoods); (iii) quantitative methods (e.g., spatial and multivariate analyses); and (iv) indicators linked to Economic well-being, Land use and occupation, and Ethnic-racial equity. The majority of studies emphasize the distributive dimension of justice, while giving comparatively less attention to its participatory, procedural, and recognition dimensions.