<p>This study examines the relationship between institutional quality, government expenditure on the environment, innovation, and their combined impact on achieving sustainable food security in 41 developing countries between 1992 and 2021. By using the dynamic panel threshold regression model, kernel regression least squares (KRLS), Driscoll-Kraay standard error (DKSE), and panel-corrected standard error (PCSE), this study identifies the adverse effects of CO₂ emissions on food production, posing a threat to food security. When considered alone (interaction with CO₂ emission), the quality of governance negatively (positively) impacts food security. Further, excessive government expenditure on environmental protection and non-resident-led innovation compromises food security by diverting resources from agricultural and rural development, whereas resident-led innovation potentially enhances food security. Thus, robust climate change mitigation strategies are crucial to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, building resilience against climate change impacts, enhancing governance frameworks, and promoting participatory decision-making processes for effective food security. An integrated approach to resource management, balancing environmental protection with agriculture and rural development, is necessary for sustainable food security. Policymakers should also encourage innovation in agriculture through research and capacity-building initiatives.</p>