Economic analysis of improved sanitation facilities among rural households: evidence from Bukoba District, Tanzania

Limited adoption of improved sanitation facilities remains a significant barrier to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in developing countries. This study investigates the factors influencing household willingness to pay (WTP) for improved sanitation and their preferences for specific facility types in rural Bukoba District, Tanzania. A Double Hurdle Model and Multinomial Logistic Model were employed to analyze the decision-making processes of 397 households. The findings reveal that over half (56.67%) of the households are willing to pay for improved sanitation, while the remaining 44.33% are not. The regression analysis further identifies key socio-demographic and economic factors that significantly influence household behavior regarding WTP and facility choice. These factors include age, gender, marital status, income, occupation, household size, access to information, and awareness of sanitation policies. The study concludes by recommending policy interventions that address sanitation regulations, construction costs, and institutional support for improved sanitation facilities. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of raising public awareness about the benefits of improved sanitation to influence WTP decisions.