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Background <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to musculoskeletal system (MSK) disorders in both upper (UE) and lower (LE) extremities, resulting in decreased function.</p> Objective <p>This study aims to determine the proportion of MSK disorders in extremities and explore any correlation between UE and LE function in DM and non-DM individuals.</p> Methods <p>Forty-six participants in the DM group and an equal number of age and gender-matched individuals in the control group were recruited. All participants were screened for MSK disorders in the UE and LE. ROM, functional strength, endurance, and disability of the UE and LE were evaluated in both groups using standard methods. Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> test and Spearman’s correlation analysis were used for the analysis.</p> Results <p>91.3% of DM and 52.2% of NDM participants had UE and LE MSK disorders. Grip strength, quadriceps strength, and ankle endurance were significantly reduced (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in DM. A significant correlation was found between grip strength and ankle strength (<i>r</i> = − 0.33, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and endurance (<i>r</i> = 0.49, <i>p</i> = 0.0004) in the DM and with ankle strength in Non-DM (<i>r</i> = − 0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.003. The DM group significantly affected UE disability scores (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). A correlation was found between UE and ankle disability scores in both DM (<i>r</i> = − 0.52, <i>p</i> = 0.0002) and non-DM (<i>r</i> = − 0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.003) groups.</p> Conclusion <p>The connection between DM and its impact on the strength and disability of the UE is significant. Furthermore, the correlation between the UE and the foot is remarkable. Understanding this correlation can improve support and management for individuals affected by the condition.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Association between upper extremity function and foot in diabetes mellitus — A cross-sectional study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Rashmitha B,
  • Charu Eapen,
  • Ashish John Prabhakar,
  • Vivek D. Patel

摘要

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to musculoskeletal system (MSK) disorders in both upper (UE) and lower (LE) extremities, resulting in decreased function.

Objective

This study aims to determine the proportion of MSK disorders in extremities and explore any correlation between UE and LE function in DM and non-DM individuals.

Methods

Forty-six participants in the DM group and an equal number of age and gender-matched individuals in the control group were recruited. All participants were screened for MSK disorders in the UE and LE. ROM, functional strength, endurance, and disability of the UE and LE were evaluated in both groups using standard methods. Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation analysis were used for the analysis.

Results

91.3% of DM and 52.2% of NDM participants had UE and LE MSK disorders. Grip strength, quadriceps strength, and ankle endurance were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in DM. A significant correlation was found between grip strength and ankle strength (r = − 0.33, p = 0.02) and endurance (r = 0.49, p = 0.0004) in the DM and with ankle strength in Non-DM (r = − 0.42, p = 0.003. The DM group significantly affected UE disability scores (p < 0.05). A correlation was found between UE and ankle disability scores in both DM (r = − 0.52, p = 0.0002) and non-DM (r = − 0.42, p = 0.003) groups.

Conclusion

The connection between DM and its impact on the strength and disability of the UE is significant. Furthermore, the correlation between the UE and the foot is remarkable. Understanding this correlation can improve support and management for individuals affected by the condition.

Graphical Abstract