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<p>To address the challenge of in-situ monitoring of melt pool dynamics in laser additive manufacturing (LAM), this work proposes a gas-jet excitation method to probe surface wave behavior in liquid metals. Using an In51Bi32.5Sn16.5 alloy (melting point ≈ 60&#xa0;°C), controlled airflow was applied across temperatures from 90&#xa0;°C to 60&#xa0;°C, and surface ripple evolution was captured via high-speed imaging. Image analysis revealed that both wave velocity and wavelength decrease markedly with cooling: stable concentric ripples form at 70&#xa0;°C, while coherent waves vanish at 60&#xa0;°C due to incipient solidification. Numerical simulations qualitatively reproduced the ring-like waves and keyhole-like depressions, showing trend-level consistency with the experimental observations. The findings suggest that gas-jet-excited surface-wave characteristics may provide potential observable signals for characterizing the near-solidification state of liquid metal and may offer a conceptual basis for future melt-pool monitoring methods.</p>

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Study on the surface fluctuation characteristics of liquid metal under gas jet excitation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Da Liu,
  • Yuhao Shen,
  • Xuanze Wang,
  • Shanting Ding,
  • Zhongsheng Zhai,
  • Zhenkun Lei,
  • Hao Jiang,
  • Zhenfei Guo

摘要

To address the challenge of in-situ monitoring of melt pool dynamics in laser additive manufacturing (LAM), this work proposes a gas-jet excitation method to probe surface wave behavior in liquid metals. Using an In51Bi32.5Sn16.5 alloy (melting point ≈ 60 °C), controlled airflow was applied across temperatures from 90 °C to 60 °C, and surface ripple evolution was captured via high-speed imaging. Image analysis revealed that both wave velocity and wavelength decrease markedly with cooling: stable concentric ripples form at 70 °C, while coherent waves vanish at 60 °C due to incipient solidification. Numerical simulations qualitatively reproduced the ring-like waves and keyhole-like depressions, showing trend-level consistency with the experimental observations. The findings suggest that gas-jet-excited surface-wave characteristics may provide potential observable signals for characterizing the near-solidification state of liquid metal and may offer a conceptual basis for future melt-pool monitoring methods.