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<p>Gold-based materials are widely used in electronics, catalysis, and biomedicine due to their excellent conductivity, chemical stability, and biocompatibility; however, their low strength and poor wear resistance limit structural applications. Microalloying, defined as the addition of trace elements (&lt; 0.5 wt%), offers an effective strategy to overcome these limitations through microstructural control. This review presents a mechanism-oriented analysis of microalloying in gold-based systems, focusing on solid solution strengthening, grain boundary engineering, and precipitation hardening, with emphasis on their coupled, multiscale effects. Representative elements (e.g., Ti, Ce, Ag) are evaluated in terms of strengthening efficiency, ductility balance, and functional contributions, revealing roles governed by precipitation behavior, grain boundary regulation, and electronic structure modulation. The detrimental effects of impurity elements (Pb, Bi, Ge) are also examined from a grain boundary cohesion perspective, highlighting the importance of compositional control. By linking microstructure to properties, this review shows that optimal performance arises from synergy among phase stability, defects, and processing. Emerging strategies, including high-throughput computation, machine learning, and additive manufacturing, enable accelerated alloy design. Future advances will integrate data-driven design with precise microstructural engineering to develop high-performance, multifunctional gold-based materials.</p>

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Mechanism guided microalloying controls microstructure evolution and strengthening in gold based materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Zhaodi Li,
  • Manmen Liu,
  • Yongtai Chen,
  • Kunhua Zhang,
  • Xiaolong Zhou

摘要

Gold-based materials are widely used in electronics, catalysis, and biomedicine due to their excellent conductivity, chemical stability, and biocompatibility; however, their low strength and poor wear resistance limit structural applications. Microalloying, defined as the addition of trace elements (< 0.5 wt%), offers an effective strategy to overcome these limitations through microstructural control. This review presents a mechanism-oriented analysis of microalloying in gold-based systems, focusing on solid solution strengthening, grain boundary engineering, and precipitation hardening, with emphasis on their coupled, multiscale effects. Representative elements (e.g., Ti, Ce, Ag) are evaluated in terms of strengthening efficiency, ductility balance, and functional contributions, revealing roles governed by precipitation behavior, grain boundary regulation, and electronic structure modulation. The detrimental effects of impurity elements (Pb, Bi, Ge) are also examined from a grain boundary cohesion perspective, highlighting the importance of compositional control. By linking microstructure to properties, this review shows that optimal performance arises from synergy among phase stability, defects, and processing. Emerging strategies, including high-throughput computation, machine learning, and additive manufacturing, enable accelerated alloy design. Future advances will integrate data-driven design with precise microstructural engineering to develop high-performance, multifunctional gold-based materials.