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<p>Mycelium-based composites represent a transformative pathway for the high-value conversion of agricultural biomass. Unlike previous reviews that focus primarily on macroscopic material properties or basic fabrication, this review provides a novel, integrated “cradle-to-cradle” biorefinery framework. We systematically analyze the solid-state fermentation mechanisms driving synthesis, while explicitly identifying key literature inconsistencies related to strain standardization and substrate pre-characterization. A unique contribution of this work is the explicit mapping of mycelium-based production within a comprehensive biorefinery system, where fungal mycelium serves as both a structural biopolymer and a biochemical engine for lignocellulosic deconstruction. Furthermore, the review assesses advancements in high-value applications, such as vegan leather and biomedical dressings, and advances the circular bioeconomy by detailing the cascading valorization of spent matrices into biofertilizers, animal feed, and renewable energy. By bridging upstream material synthesis with maximized downstream resource recovery, this review clarifies current technological readiness levels and outlines specific engineering bottlenecks that must be resolved to scale industrial fungal biomanufacturing.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Schematic overview of the integrated mycelium-based biorefinery approach, illustrating the cascading transition from lignocellulosic biomass input, through mycelial solid-state fermentation (synthesis), to the systematic recovery of high-value byproducts (valorization), embodying a comprehensive closed-loop biorefinery framework.</p> <p></p>

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Closed-loop mycelium-based biorefineries: from mechanistic synthesis to comprehensive byproduct valorization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Longlong Chen,
  • Dongdong Guo,
  • Wenlida Mu,
  • Chang Liu,
  • Hongkang Zhu,
  • Yuliang Cheng,
  • Yahui Guo,
  • He Qian

摘要

Mycelium-based composites represent a transformative pathway for the high-value conversion of agricultural biomass. Unlike previous reviews that focus primarily on macroscopic material properties or basic fabrication, this review provides a novel, integrated “cradle-to-cradle” biorefinery framework. We systematically analyze the solid-state fermentation mechanisms driving synthesis, while explicitly identifying key literature inconsistencies related to strain standardization and substrate pre-characterization. A unique contribution of this work is the explicit mapping of mycelium-based production within a comprehensive biorefinery system, where fungal mycelium serves as both a structural biopolymer and a biochemical engine for lignocellulosic deconstruction. Furthermore, the review assesses advancements in high-value applications, such as vegan leather and biomedical dressings, and advances the circular bioeconomy by detailing the cascading valorization of spent matrices into biofertilizers, animal feed, and renewable energy. By bridging upstream material synthesis with maximized downstream resource recovery, this review clarifies current technological readiness levels and outlines specific engineering bottlenecks that must be resolved to scale industrial fungal biomanufacturing.

Graphical abstract

Schematic overview of the integrated mycelium-based biorefinery approach, illustrating the cascading transition from lignocellulosic biomass input, through mycelial solid-state fermentation (synthesis), to the systematic recovery of high-value byproducts (valorization), embodying a comprehensive closed-loop biorefinery framework.