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<p>The rising contamination of pharmaceutical wastewater with persistent antibiotics poses a serious environmental and public health threat. This study presents a sustainable approach for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and amoxicillin (AMX) from synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater using a silica-hydrochar nanocomposite synthesized by integrating sol-gel-derived nanosilica with hydrochar derived from biomass waste as an adsorbent. For green synthesis of nanocomposite, waste neem leaves (<i>Azadirachta indica</i>) were upcycled into hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization, while nanosilica was produced via sol-gel method employing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica precursor. The final silica-hydrochar nanocomposite was developed by integrating the hydrochar with the nanosilica through a controlled hydrothermal hybridization process, and characterized by XRD, BET, FESEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The synthesized material exhibited mesoporosity with a surface area of 14.85 m<sup>2</sup>/g, an average pore radius of 38.48 Å, and oxygen-containing groups (-OH, -COOH) from hydrochar and silanol (Si-OH) groups from silica, indicating strong interfacial interactions and hybrid network formation. Batch adsorption studies demonstrated rapid uptake of both antibiotics, with equilibrium achieved within 60&#xa0;min at pH 6.5. Maximum removal efficiencies were 84.55% for CIP and 71.55% for AMX. The adsorption process best fit the pseudo-second-order (R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.997) kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacities of 357.14&#xa0;mg/g for CIP and 333.33&#xa0;mg/g for AMX, indicating chemisorption and monolayer surface coverage. Regeneration tests confirmed strong reusability, with over 93% of initial efficiency retained after four cycles. These findings highlight the potential of silica-hydrochar nanocomposites as a sustainable, efficient, and economical material for antibiotic removal from wastewater, due to the use of waste biomass and a simple method of synthesis, thereby contributing to the advancement of green remediation technologies.</p>

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Green synthesis of nanosilica embedded hydrochar matrix derived from biomass waste: kinetic modeling and process optimization for antibiotics removal from wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Indrajeet Kumar,
  • Hasan Rangwala,
  • Hardik Bhatt

摘要

The rising contamination of pharmaceutical wastewater with persistent antibiotics poses a serious environmental and public health threat. This study presents a sustainable approach for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and amoxicillin (AMX) from synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater using a silica-hydrochar nanocomposite synthesized by integrating sol-gel-derived nanosilica with hydrochar derived from biomass waste as an adsorbent. For green synthesis of nanocomposite, waste neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) were upcycled into hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization, while nanosilica was produced via sol-gel method employing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica precursor. The final silica-hydrochar nanocomposite was developed by integrating the hydrochar with the nanosilica through a controlled hydrothermal hybridization process, and characterized by XRD, BET, FESEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The synthesized material exhibited mesoporosity with a surface area of 14.85 m2/g, an average pore radius of 38.48 Å, and oxygen-containing groups (-OH, -COOH) from hydrochar and silanol (Si-OH) groups from silica, indicating strong interfacial interactions and hybrid network formation. Batch adsorption studies demonstrated rapid uptake of both antibiotics, with equilibrium achieved within 60 min at pH 6.5. Maximum removal efficiencies were 84.55% for CIP and 71.55% for AMX. The adsorption process best fit the pseudo-second-order (R2 > 0.997) kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacities of 357.14 mg/g for CIP and 333.33 mg/g for AMX, indicating chemisorption and monolayer surface coverage. Regeneration tests confirmed strong reusability, with over 93% of initial efficiency retained after four cycles. These findings highlight the potential of silica-hydrochar nanocomposites as a sustainable, efficient, and economical material for antibiotic removal from wastewater, due to the use of waste biomass and a simple method of synthesis, thereby contributing to the advancement of green remediation technologies.