<p>2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has emerged as a key precursor for the synthesis of sustainable polymers, offering a promising alternative to traditional petrochemical-based materials. The use of biomass as a renewable feedstock for FDCA production coincides with global efforts to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lessen the impact on the environment. FDCA is insoluble in most solvents due to its high chemical stability and high melting point, which makes it an ideal material for use in the synthesis of polyesters. Compared to conventional polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene glycol 2,5-furandicarboxylate (PEF), a biobased polyester copolymerized with FDCA and ethylene glycol, offers better gas barrier, mechanical strength and thermal stability. In addition, FDCA can be produced from a wide range of raw material sources using biomass resources, which is in line with the requirements of sustainable development. Despite the relatively high production cost of FDCA, its applications in the packaging industry, textiles, and engineering plastics are promising, especially due to its ability to effectively extend the shelf life of food and reduce resource consumption. Therefore, FDCA is regarded as a key intermediate monomer with market potential and has been ranked as one of the most promising bio-based chemicals by the U.S. Department of Energy. This review explores eco-friendly strategies for the synthesis of FDCA from biomass conversion, providing a comprehensive analysis of enzymatic, catalytic and hybrid methods. The discussion provides an insight into the various biomass feedstocks used for FDCA synthesis and compares the conversion routes, highlighting their efficiency and environmental impact. Enzymatic routes are examined, highlighting recent advances, challenges and potential innovations. Catalytic approaches, including acid catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis, are scrutinized, with insights into the efficiency and sustainability of different catalysts.</p>