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<p>Biodegradation of phenol from wastewater coupled with biohydrogen production using immobilized microalgae is a promising approach to produce green energy. This study investigated the environmental impacts and energy performance of dark fermentative biohydrogen production in phenol-containing wastewater using immobilized microalgae-alginate beads. A life cycle assessment was conducted with cradle-to-gate mode via using the global ReCiPe 2016 v1.1 method at both midpoint and endpoint levels in SimaPro 9.3.0.2. The results revealed that the production process of biohydrogen was the primary contributor to all environmental impacts, which was mainly due to the high electricity consumption. In contrast, microalgae cultivation and harvesting had minimal environmental impacts, suggesting that this stage required low inputs in terms of energy, chemicals and water. Similar trends were also observed in both normalized midpoint impacts and endpoint impacts, in which supporting the reliability of discovered environmental hotspots. Nevertheless, the net energy ratio (NER) attained was 1.33, indicating a net energy gain and supporting the energy efficiency amidst overall production processes. In addition, the reuse of immobilized microalgae-alginate beads and utilization of phenol-containing wastewater as feedstock for dark fermentation could greatly reduce the amount of chemicals input and energy demand. The findings highlighted by combining treatment of phenol with biohydrogen production using immobilized microalgae-alginate beads could promote both green energy production as well as sustainable method for wastewater treatment simultaneously.</p>

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Dark fermentative biohydrogen production in phenol-containing wastewater by immobilized microalgae-alginate beads: life cycle assessment with energy analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Jia Min Woon,
  • Kuan Shiong Khoo,
  • Nurul Tasnim Sahrin,
  • Normawati M Yunus,
  • Jin Chung Sin,
  • Sze Mun Lam,
  • Jun Wei Lim

摘要

Biodegradation of phenol from wastewater coupled with biohydrogen production using immobilized microalgae is a promising approach to produce green energy. This study investigated the environmental impacts and energy performance of dark fermentative biohydrogen production in phenol-containing wastewater using immobilized microalgae-alginate beads. A life cycle assessment was conducted with cradle-to-gate mode via using the global ReCiPe 2016 v1.1 method at both midpoint and endpoint levels in SimaPro 9.3.0.2. The results revealed that the production process of biohydrogen was the primary contributor to all environmental impacts, which was mainly due to the high electricity consumption. In contrast, microalgae cultivation and harvesting had minimal environmental impacts, suggesting that this stage required low inputs in terms of energy, chemicals and water. Similar trends were also observed in both normalized midpoint impacts and endpoint impacts, in which supporting the reliability of discovered environmental hotspots. Nevertheless, the net energy ratio (NER) attained was 1.33, indicating a net energy gain and supporting the energy efficiency amidst overall production processes. In addition, the reuse of immobilized microalgae-alginate beads and utilization of phenol-containing wastewater as feedstock for dark fermentation could greatly reduce the amount of chemicals input and energy demand. The findings highlighted by combining treatment of phenol with biohydrogen production using immobilized microalgae-alginate beads could promote both green energy production as well as sustainable method for wastewater treatment simultaneously.