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<p>The world’s energy demand is rising rapidly and conventional energy sources are at risk of exploitation. Uncontrolled emissions and a significant price increase in commercial fuel promoted the search for new diesel engine substitutes. This study focuses on biodiesel production from non-edible waste cottonseed oil (NWCSO), which could serve as a renewable and sustainable alternative for petroleum products. It involves using a novel crude exoenzyme (CEE) produced from <i>Priestia endophytica</i> SSP to transesterify NWCSO through the sonication process. The ultrasound-assisted enzyme-mediated transesterification process (UETP) was optimized using one variable analysis at a time and response surface methodology analysis to obtain the maximum biodiesel yield (99%). The optimized condition of UETP in converting NWCSO to biodiesel was found to be 8.26% of catalyst concentration, 5.38:1 ratio of Methanol to Oil molar ratio and 33.52&#xa0;min of sonication time. The NWCSO biodiesel (NWCSOBD) was characterized using FTIR, TGA, GC-MS and proton H-NMR to elucidate its elemental composition. NWCSOBD was tested for its fuel compatibility by running it in a single-cylinder diesel engine alongside commercial diesel. The experimental results of the fuel competence analysis revealed that exhaust emissions, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and HC, were reduced across all biodiesel mixtures. However, they are much less than all blends in BD20. However, a slight increase in nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>) emissions was experienced for biodiesel mixtures. NWCSO and CEE of <i>Priestia endophytica</i> SSP strain could be a stronger source of biodiesel and a catalyst, respectively, for the transesterification reaction.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Utilizing crude exoenzyme of Priestia endophytica SSP strain in the transesterification of waste cottonseed oil, its optimization and fuel competence analysis in a diesel engine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • M. A. Sundaramahalingam,
  • M Ponmanian,
  • Pavithra Vijayachandran,
  • Porpatham Ekambaram,
  • Senthil Kumar Arumugam,
  • P. Sivashanmugam

摘要

The world’s energy demand is rising rapidly and conventional energy sources are at risk of exploitation. Uncontrolled emissions and a significant price increase in commercial fuel promoted the search for new diesel engine substitutes. This study focuses on biodiesel production from non-edible waste cottonseed oil (NWCSO), which could serve as a renewable and sustainable alternative for petroleum products. It involves using a novel crude exoenzyme (CEE) produced from Priestia endophytica SSP to transesterify NWCSO through the sonication process. The ultrasound-assisted enzyme-mediated transesterification process (UETP) was optimized using one variable analysis at a time and response surface methodology analysis to obtain the maximum biodiesel yield (99%). The optimized condition of UETP in converting NWCSO to biodiesel was found to be 8.26% of catalyst concentration, 5.38:1 ratio of Methanol to Oil molar ratio and 33.52 min of sonication time. The NWCSO biodiesel (NWCSOBD) was characterized using FTIR, TGA, GC-MS and proton H-NMR to elucidate its elemental composition. NWCSOBD was tested for its fuel compatibility by running it in a single-cylinder diesel engine alongside commercial diesel. The experimental results of the fuel competence analysis revealed that exhaust emissions, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and HC, were reduced across all biodiesel mixtures. However, they are much less than all blends in BD20. However, a slight increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions was experienced for biodiesel mixtures. NWCSO and CEE of Priestia endophytica SSP strain could be a stronger source of biodiesel and a catalyst, respectively, for the transesterification reaction.

Graphical Abstract