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<p>The work investigated the extraction efficiency of the bioactive compounds from karonda pomace using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional heat assisted extraction (HAE). The extraction variables, extraction temperature or ultrasound amplitude (P), extraction time (Q), ethanol concentration (R), and pH (S) were combined at 3 levels using Taguchi orthogonal array design followed by range analysis. Range analysis indicated that the extraction efficiencies of UAE surpassed the HAE. The optimized conditions for UAE were 40% ultrasound amplitude for 5&#xa0;min using 60% ethanol acidified to 2.5 pH. In contrast, for HAE, the optimized conditions were 40&#xa0;°C for 90&#xa0;min using 60% ethanol (solvent) at 3.0 pH. Further, both the extracts were analyzed for phenolic compounds, minerals, HPLC which confirmed the better recovery of bioactive compounds using UAE. It led to an increase in phenolic content of samples and indicated that syringic acid and quercetin were the dominating compounds accounting 554.05 ppm and 674.37 ppm respectively in UAE samples. Similarly, mineral profiling revealed that UAE samples had higher amounts of minerals as compared to HAE. The major mineral in these samples was potassium (893.21&#xa0;mg/kg) followed by phosphorus (109.54&#xa0;mg/kg). Scanning electron microscopic images revealed better cell breakdown and opening of pomace in UAE. Therefore, better extractability of UAE supports the extraction of bioactive compounds from karonda pomace.</p>

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Comparative efficiency of ultrasound and heat-assisted extraction for bioactive compounds from karonda pomace: Optimization and analytical evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • Navjot Kaur,
  • Poonam Aggarwal,
  • Gurjeet Kaur

摘要

The work investigated the extraction efficiency of the bioactive compounds from karonda pomace using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional heat assisted extraction (HAE). The extraction variables, extraction temperature or ultrasound amplitude (P), extraction time (Q), ethanol concentration (R), and pH (S) were combined at 3 levels using Taguchi orthogonal array design followed by range analysis. Range analysis indicated that the extraction efficiencies of UAE surpassed the HAE. The optimized conditions for UAE were 40% ultrasound amplitude for 5 min using 60% ethanol acidified to 2.5 pH. In contrast, for HAE, the optimized conditions were 40 °C for 90 min using 60% ethanol (solvent) at 3.0 pH. Further, both the extracts were analyzed for phenolic compounds, minerals, HPLC which confirmed the better recovery of bioactive compounds using UAE. It led to an increase in phenolic content of samples and indicated that syringic acid and quercetin were the dominating compounds accounting 554.05 ppm and 674.37 ppm respectively in UAE samples. Similarly, mineral profiling revealed that UAE samples had higher amounts of minerals as compared to HAE. The major mineral in these samples was potassium (893.21 mg/kg) followed by phosphorus (109.54 mg/kg). Scanning electron microscopic images revealed better cell breakdown and opening of pomace in UAE. Therefore, better extractability of UAE supports the extraction of bioactive compounds from karonda pomace.