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<p>Recent advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of peroxidase-like nanozymes, which show promise in detection systems for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The sustainable transformation of biomass into functional nanomaterials is a growing field of interest for detection applications. In this study, we present a novel preparation of iron-based nanozymes by using <i>Cupressus sempervirens</i>, a naturally occurring hyperaccumulator plant located near an iron–steel industrial zone, as peroxidase-like catalysts for detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The nanozymes, iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs), were prepared using the leaching method developed by us, and the nanozymes were characterized via SEM, EDS, XRD, DSC, FT-IR and XPS. FeNPs exhibited an inverse spinel crystal structure, contained Si, O, Fe, Al, Mg, and K elements, and had a spherical structure with 17 ± 3.1&#xa0;nm particles size. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of iron oxide with characteristic Fe–O vibrations and surface hydroxyl groups, while XPS revealed a mixed-valence Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup> surface chemistry with hydroxylated oxygen species, consistent with an Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-like structure. The as-prepared FeNPs demonstrated intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity, enabling the colorimetric detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> using 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine as a chromogenic substrate. The colorimetric detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> using FeNPs revealed a wide linear range and a low limit of detection (0.95 µM), making it favorable for sensitive H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> quantification. The findings designated that the colorimetric detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> could be selectively performed by using FeNPs in the presence of various components. The analytical performance of FeNPs-based detection method was validated against a conventional titanyl oxalate method, with no statistically significant difference observed. This study demonstrates a novel and eco-friendly route for the valorization of hyperaccumulator plant biomass into catalytically active nanozymes, offering a sustainable strategy for the development of cost-effective, robust, and selective colorimetric catalysts for environmental or analytical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Turning biomass into nanozymes: iron-based nanoparticles from Cupressus sempervirens for enzyme-mimetic detection of H2O2

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Halis Enes Ünal,
  • Deniz Uzunoğlu Doğruyol,
  • Ayla Özer

摘要

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of peroxidase-like nanozymes, which show promise in detection systems for H2O2. The sustainable transformation of biomass into functional nanomaterials is a growing field of interest for detection applications. In this study, we present a novel preparation of iron-based nanozymes by using Cupressus sempervirens, a naturally occurring hyperaccumulator plant located near an iron–steel industrial zone, as peroxidase-like catalysts for detection of H2O2. The nanozymes, iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs), were prepared using the leaching method developed by us, and the nanozymes were characterized via SEM, EDS, XRD, DSC, FT-IR and XPS. FeNPs exhibited an inverse spinel crystal structure, contained Si, O, Fe, Al, Mg, and K elements, and had a spherical structure with 17 ± 3.1 nm particles size. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of iron oxide with characteristic Fe–O vibrations and surface hydroxyl groups, while XPS revealed a mixed-valence Fe2+/Fe3+ surface chemistry with hydroxylated oxygen species, consistent with an Fe3O4-like structure. The as-prepared FeNPs demonstrated intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity, enabling the colorimetric detection of H2O2 using 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine as a chromogenic substrate. The colorimetric detection of H2O2 using FeNPs revealed a wide linear range and a low limit of detection (0.95 µM), making it favorable for sensitive H2O2 quantification. The findings designated that the colorimetric detection of H2O2 could be selectively performed by using FeNPs in the presence of various components. The analytical performance of FeNPs-based detection method was validated against a conventional titanyl oxalate method, with no statistically significant difference observed. This study demonstrates a novel and eco-friendly route for the valorization of hyperaccumulator plant biomass into catalytically active nanozymes, offering a sustainable strategy for the development of cost-effective, robust, and selective colorimetric catalysts for environmental or analytical applications.

Graphical Abstract