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<p>The catalytic conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel remains inefficient, posing a significant challenge to sustainable energy production and the realization of a circular economy. This study proposes an efficient hybrid catalytic strategy that integrates methanol pre-treatment with advanced heterogeneous catalysts to enhance simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions. Four catalysts-ZIF-67, Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH), CaO-Al₂O₃, and H₂SO₄-were systematically evaluated for biodiesel yield, catalytic stability, and reusability. Among the tested catalysts, ZIF-67 exhibited the highest biodiesel yield of 98.5% under optimized conditions, attributed to its bifunctional acid-base active sites that effectively catalyses free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides. Calcination further improved its Lewis acidity and structural stability, resulting in superior catalytic robustness. CaO-Al₂O₃ also showed high efficiency (95.5%) due to synergistic acid-base interactions, while Zn-Al LDH (93.0%) and H₂SO₄ (88.0%) were limited by recyclability and environmental concerns. Biodiesel formation was confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, with characteristic methoxy (3.66 ppm) and ester carbonyl (174 ppm) signals verifying complete fatty acid methyl ester conversion. Importantly, ZIF-67 retained approximately 90% of its catalytic activity after five cycles, highlighting its scalability. This work contributes to the development of sustainable energy technologies, promotes the valorization of waste feedstocks, and supports efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Advancing sustainable biofuels: Two-step nanocatalysts-mediated transesterification of waste cooking oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Siddhant Dubey,
  • Kunal Chandra,
  • Anil Kumar Patel,
  • Shveta Soam,
  • Reeta Rani Singhania

摘要

The catalytic conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel remains inefficient, posing a significant challenge to sustainable energy production and the realization of a circular economy. This study proposes an efficient hybrid catalytic strategy that integrates methanol pre-treatment with advanced heterogeneous catalysts to enhance simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions. Four catalysts-ZIF-67, Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH), CaO-Al₂O₃, and H₂SO₄-were systematically evaluated for biodiesel yield, catalytic stability, and reusability. Among the tested catalysts, ZIF-67 exhibited the highest biodiesel yield of 98.5% under optimized conditions, attributed to its bifunctional acid-base active sites that effectively catalyses free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides. Calcination further improved its Lewis acidity and structural stability, resulting in superior catalytic robustness. CaO-Al₂O₃ also showed high efficiency (95.5%) due to synergistic acid-base interactions, while Zn-Al LDH (93.0%) and H₂SO₄ (88.0%) were limited by recyclability and environmental concerns. Biodiesel formation was confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, with characteristic methoxy (3.66 ppm) and ester carbonyl (174 ppm) signals verifying complete fatty acid methyl ester conversion. Importantly, ZIF-67 retained approximately 90% of its catalytic activity after five cycles, highlighting its scalability. This work contributes to the development of sustainable energy technologies, promotes the valorization of waste feedstocks, and supports efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Graphical abstract