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<p>A novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst, Carbon nanotube-doped calcium oxide (CNT-CaO) derived from waste eggshells was used for producing biodiesel from high Free Fatty Acid (FFA)<i>Livistona jenkinsianaGriff</i>. oil, a rarely explored plant-based feedstock. Biodiesel synthesis was performed via a two-stage process- acid esterification followed by base-catalysed transesterification. Catalyst characterization was done usingFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The successful incorporation of CNTs onto CaO increased the surface area from 26.89 m<sup>2</sup>/g to 40.24 m<sup>2</sup>/g and pore volume changed from 0.092 cm<sup>3</sup>/g to 0.080 cm<sup>3</sup>/g. Process parameters were optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) under the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) framework, achieving a maximum experimental conversion efficiency of 97.2% at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio (M/O) of 9.12:1, a catalyst concentration of 3.19 wt%, and a reaction time of 3.28&#xa0;h at 60&#xa0;°C. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the biodiesel was primarily composed of palmitic (40.19%) and oleic (51.87%) acid methyl esters. The fuel properties met American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 specifications, with a cetane number of 62, oxidative stability of 5.5&#xa0;h, and cloud and pour points of 11&#xa0;°C and 5&#xa0;°C, respectively. The catalyst retained 65.2% activity after seven cycles, indicating good reusability. These findings highlight the potential of CNT-CaO as an effective and sustainable nanocatalyst, and demonstrate the viability of <i>Livistona jenkinsianaGriff.</i>oil as a promising and underexplored feedstock for biodiesel production.</p>

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Sustainable approach towards biodiesel production from high FFA feedstock using novel heterogeneous catalyst derived from waste eggshell

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Jyotikalpa Bora,
  • Bidisha Chetia,
  • Dipak Sen,
  • Sandip Kumar Mandal

摘要

A novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst, Carbon nanotube-doped calcium oxide (CNT-CaO) derived from waste eggshells was used for producing biodiesel from high Free Fatty Acid (FFA)Livistona jenkinsianaGriff. oil, a rarely explored plant-based feedstock. Biodiesel synthesis was performed via a two-stage process- acid esterification followed by base-catalysed transesterification. Catalyst characterization was done usingFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The successful incorporation of CNTs onto CaO increased the surface area from 26.89 m2/g to 40.24 m2/g and pore volume changed from 0.092 cm3/g to 0.080 cm3/g. Process parameters were optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) under the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) framework, achieving a maximum experimental conversion efficiency of 97.2% at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio (M/O) of 9.12:1, a catalyst concentration of 3.19 wt%, and a reaction time of 3.28 h at 60 °C. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the biodiesel was primarily composed of palmitic (40.19%) and oleic (51.87%) acid methyl esters. The fuel properties met American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 specifications, with a cetane number of 62, oxidative stability of 5.5 h, and cloud and pour points of 11 °C and 5 °C, respectively. The catalyst retained 65.2% activity after seven cycles, indicating good reusability. These findings highlight the potential of CNT-CaO as an effective and sustainable nanocatalyst, and demonstrate the viability of Livistona jenkinsianaGriff.oil as a promising and underexplored feedstock for biodiesel production.