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<p>This critical review examines innovative bioprocessing techniques for agro-waste valorization, addressing the urgent environmental and economic challenges posed by agricultural waste. The paper evaluates microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microbial and enzymatic bioconversion, solid-state fermentation, and anaerobic digestion for their potential to transform agro-waste into valuable resources. Recent data highlights significant agricultural production in countries like India, with sugarcane reaching 4905.3 lakh tonnes, generating substantial agricultural residues that are often disposed of through harmful practices like stubble burning. These practices release approximately 1,460&#xa0;kg of CO₂ and 3&#xa0;kg of particulate matter per tonne of paddy straw burned, exacerbating air pollution and climate change. The review demonstrates that microwave-assisted extraction reduces processing time from 8&#xa0;h to just 1&#xa0;h, while ultrasonic-assisted extraction achieves 72.5% protein recovery from canola meal. Solid-state fermentation increases protein content in agricultural byproducts by 34.91%, and anaerobic co-digestion boosts biogas output to 1732&#xa0;ml compared to mono-digestion’s 1035&#xa0;ml. The novelty of this work lies in its unique integration of non-conventional extraction techniques with smart technology solutions to maximize resource recovery and process efficiency. These approaches support sustainable waste management, reduce environmental pollution, and advance circular economy principles by repurposing waste into reusable resources. The study identifies major challenges including variability in waste characteristics, absence of standardized processing methods, and scalability constraints, recommending future research focus on standardized protocols, comprehensive characterization studies, and economic analyses to optimize conversion processes for global sustainability.</p>

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Recent advances in bioprocessing for agro-waste valorization: a critical review of techniques, applications, and challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • P. Balakrishnan,
  • Raj Kumar Arya

摘要

This critical review examines innovative bioprocessing techniques for agro-waste valorization, addressing the urgent environmental and economic challenges posed by agricultural waste. The paper evaluates microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microbial and enzymatic bioconversion, solid-state fermentation, and anaerobic digestion for their potential to transform agro-waste into valuable resources. Recent data highlights significant agricultural production in countries like India, with sugarcane reaching 4905.3 lakh tonnes, generating substantial agricultural residues that are often disposed of through harmful practices like stubble burning. These practices release approximately 1,460 kg of CO₂ and 3 kg of particulate matter per tonne of paddy straw burned, exacerbating air pollution and climate change. The review demonstrates that microwave-assisted extraction reduces processing time from 8 h to just 1 h, while ultrasonic-assisted extraction achieves 72.5% protein recovery from canola meal. Solid-state fermentation increases protein content in agricultural byproducts by 34.91%, and anaerobic co-digestion boosts biogas output to 1732 ml compared to mono-digestion’s 1035 ml. The novelty of this work lies in its unique integration of non-conventional extraction techniques with smart technology solutions to maximize resource recovery and process efficiency. These approaches support sustainable waste management, reduce environmental pollution, and advance circular economy principles by repurposing waste into reusable resources. The study identifies major challenges including variability in waste characteristics, absence of standardized processing methods, and scalability constraints, recommending future research focus on standardized protocols, comprehensive characterization studies, and economic analyses to optimize conversion processes for global sustainability.