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<p>This study examined biocrude production from Canadian spruce bark using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to support integration of bio-crudes into existing refinery infrastructure. Across eight catalytic and non-catalytic HTL trials with spruce bark, biocrude yields ranged from 13.4 to 17.6 wt% (dry basis), showing that steam explosion and alkaline pretreatment did not improve yields. A central composite design (CCD)&#xa0;for non-catalytic HTL runs indicated that higher temperatures and water-to-feed ratios increase biocrude production, predicting a maximum of 20.8 wt% of biocrude yield at 320&#xa0;°C and a water-to-feed ratio of 12.5:1 (wt./wt.). Validation runs under these conditions achieved a higher biocrude yield of 22.9 wt% with a higher heating value of 32.5&#xa0;MJ kg⁻¹, 39.2% of energy recovery, and 19 wt% oxygen content - highlighting the need for upgrading the biocrude via catalytic deoxygenation. Recycling the aqueous phase increased yields by an additional 4 wt%. Hydrochar characterization also revealed promising potential applications such as hydrogen storage in fuel technologies, carbon sequestration, energy storage, catalyst support, and pollutant adsorption. Overall, spruce bark represents a viable feedstock for advancing production of sustainable fuels in Canada.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Production and characterization of biocrude from Canadian spruce bark

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Ramesh Kalagnanam,
  • Venu Babu Borugadda,
  • Ajay K. Dalai

摘要

This study examined biocrude production from Canadian spruce bark using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to support integration of bio-crudes into existing refinery infrastructure. Across eight catalytic and non-catalytic HTL trials with spruce bark, biocrude yields ranged from 13.4 to 17.6 wt% (dry basis), showing that steam explosion and alkaline pretreatment did not improve yields. A central composite design (CCD) for non-catalytic HTL runs indicated that higher temperatures and water-to-feed ratios increase biocrude production, predicting a maximum of 20.8 wt% of biocrude yield at 320 °C and a water-to-feed ratio of 12.5:1 (wt./wt.). Validation runs under these conditions achieved a higher biocrude yield of 22.9 wt% with a higher heating value of 32.5 MJ kg⁻¹, 39.2% of energy recovery, and 19 wt% oxygen content - highlighting the need for upgrading the biocrude via catalytic deoxygenation. Recycling the aqueous phase increased yields by an additional 4 wt%. Hydrochar characterization also revealed promising potential applications such as hydrogen storage in fuel technologies, carbon sequestration, energy storage, catalyst support, and pollutant adsorption. Overall, spruce bark represents a viable feedstock for advancing production of sustainable fuels in Canada.

Graphical Abstract