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<p>A novel, environmentally sustainable method is introduced for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using <i>Citrus macroptera</i> peel extract as a bio-reductant. This approach offers a “green” alternative to traditional, often environmentally damaging, reduction methods. The resulting rGO was thoroughly characterized using a suite of analytical techniques, which confirmed the successful reduction of graphene oxide and the formation of exfoliated rGO sheets. The efficacy of the synthesized rGO for wastewater treatment was evaluated using methylene blue (MB) as a model organic pollutant. The study investigated key parameters influencing the adsorption process, such as initial dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage. Results indicated rapid and efficient MB adsorption by the rGO, reaching a maximum uptake capacity of 137 mg g<sup>–1</sup> within 100&#xa0;min. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-first-order model, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. Furthermore, the adsorption data fits both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. This dual fit suggests a complex adsorption mechanism involving monolayer chemisorption and multilayer physisorption, indicating a heterogeneous surface interaction. This work highlights a sustainable and cost-effective approach to nanomaterial synthesis with significant implications for wastewater treatment applications and provides a method for using waste products.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable production of reduced graphene oxide using Citrus macroptera peel extract: adsorption capacity assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Md. Rakibul Hasan Rakib,
  • Prianka Saha,
  • M. Syedul Islam,
  • Ismail Rahman,
  • Md. Mahiuddin

摘要

A novel, environmentally sustainable method is introduced for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using Citrus macroptera peel extract as a bio-reductant. This approach offers a “green” alternative to traditional, often environmentally damaging, reduction methods. The resulting rGO was thoroughly characterized using a suite of analytical techniques, which confirmed the successful reduction of graphene oxide and the formation of exfoliated rGO sheets. The efficacy of the synthesized rGO for wastewater treatment was evaluated using methylene blue (MB) as a model organic pollutant. The study investigated key parameters influencing the adsorption process, such as initial dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage. Results indicated rapid and efficient MB adsorption by the rGO, reaching a maximum uptake capacity of 137 mg g–1 within 100 min. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-first-order model, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. Furthermore, the adsorption data fits both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. This dual fit suggests a complex adsorption mechanism involving monolayer chemisorption and multilayer physisorption, indicating a heterogeneous surface interaction. This work highlights a sustainable and cost-effective approach to nanomaterial synthesis with significant implications for wastewater treatment applications and provides a method for using waste products.

Graphical Abstract