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<p>A predicament issue in underdeveloped nations is protein malnutrition. Single Cell Protein known as SCP is viewed as a feasible solution for high protein requirements in order to address this grave problem. Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to employ custard apple leaf, (<i>Annona squamosa</i> L.) an unexplored and affordable substrate for the fermentative SCP production using <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. Fermentation variables were systematically tuned using a one-factor-at-a-time approach to maximize SCP yield. The amino acid composition of the obtained SCP was analyzed using High-Performance Thin Layer Liquid Chromatography (HPTLC), while its functional groups were identified through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The produced SCP was examined for various biological assessments such as antioxidant, antidiabetic and bio-accessibility studies followed by brine shrimp lethality assay. The maximum amount of SCP with 12.28&#xa0;g/L and 42.53% protein content was obtained with optimized variables − 35&#xa0;°C temperature, pH (5.0), 96&#xa0;h incubation, 10 <i>v/v</i> % inoculum,50% <i>v/v</i> custard apple leaf hydrolysate, sugarcane bagasse, ammonium sulfate as carbon and nitrogen sources. Amino acid profiling showed satisfactory amounts of key essential amino acids, including tryptophan (4.60&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g), valine (2.56&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g), threonine (1.73&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g), lysine (1.3&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g) and arginine (0.95&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g). After simulated digestion, the SCP demonstrated measurable radical-scavenging activity and notable inhibition of α-amylase, indicating potential antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Moreover, the aqueous SCP extract showed low toxicity, with only a 13% mortality rate even at greater concentrations indicating its appropriateness for safe human ingestion or animal feed.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Bioconversion of custard Apple leaf (Annona squamosa L.) for single cell protein production: optimization, Characterization, in vitro biological and toxicity studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Hariharan Kaliyamoorthy,
  • Koushika Saravanan,
  • Preethi Kathirvel

摘要

A predicament issue in underdeveloped nations is protein malnutrition. Single Cell Protein known as SCP is viewed as a feasible solution for high protein requirements in order to address this grave problem. Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to employ custard apple leaf, (Annona squamosa L.) an unexplored and affordable substrate for the fermentative SCP production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermentation variables were systematically tuned using a one-factor-at-a-time approach to maximize SCP yield. The amino acid composition of the obtained SCP was analyzed using High-Performance Thin Layer Liquid Chromatography (HPTLC), while its functional groups were identified through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The produced SCP was examined for various biological assessments such as antioxidant, antidiabetic and bio-accessibility studies followed by brine shrimp lethality assay. The maximum amount of SCP with 12.28 g/L and 42.53% protein content was obtained with optimized variables − 35 °C temperature, pH (5.0), 96 h incubation, 10 v/v % inoculum,50% v/v custard apple leaf hydrolysate, sugarcane bagasse, ammonium sulfate as carbon and nitrogen sources. Amino acid profiling showed satisfactory amounts of key essential amino acids, including tryptophan (4.60 g/100 g), valine (2.56 g/100 g), threonine (1.73 g/100 g), lysine (1.3 g/100 g) and arginine (0.95 g/100 g). After simulated digestion, the SCP demonstrated measurable radical-scavenging activity and notable inhibition of α-amylase, indicating potential antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Moreover, the aqueous SCP extract showed low toxicity, with only a 13% mortality rate even at greater concentrations indicating its appropriateness for safe human ingestion or animal feed.

Graphical Abstract