<p>Lubricating greases, as semi-fluid or semi-solid lubricants, have become indispensable in industrial sectors such as manufacturing, mining, and transportation ​​owing to​​ their exceptional lubrication performance and unique characteristics. Although petroleum-based greases currently dominate the global market, the growing environmental concerns and gradual depletion of fossil resources have prompted accelerated research endeavors toward sustainable alternatives. Bio-based lubricating greases have ​​garnered global attention due to​​ their biodegradability, renewability, and non-toxicity. This study presents a comprehensive review of research advances in the field​​ to systematically evaluate the development potential of bio-based greases, aiming to promote their further development and application. The work methodically investigates the definition and evaluation methods of bio-based greases, centering around raw materials and modification strategies for the three core components: base oils, thickeners, and additives. The survey ​​emphasizes​​ changes in physicochemical properties and lubrication characteristics of biomaterials ​​before and after modification​​, as well as ​​contrasts​​ in production processes between bio-based greases and conventional counterparts. Furthermore, the research ​​explores​​ the current status and future directions of the global bio-based grease industry through ​​multifaceted​​ perspectives, including policy support, market trends, and feasibility analysis. Bio-based lubricating greases represent a highly promising lubricant for future applications; however, currently in its early development phase​​, bio-based grease technology ​​demands a prioritized investigation into​​ critical challenges such as economic evaluation, environmental impact assessment, and industrial-scale application ​​to enable​​ its commercialization.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>