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<p>In this study, an environmentally friendly avocado seed starch-based hydrogel capable of controlled-release fertilizer delivery was successfully fabricated by employing a redox system of KMnO₄/NaHSO₄ and grafting itaconic acid onto Vietnam Booth avocado seed starch. The starch was obtained from avocado seed agricultural waste by a green extraction method using water as a solvent. Starch oxidation resulted in hydrogels with high gel fraction values. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed significant morphological changes: the granular structure of the starch was disrupted, and the hydrogel’s surface became roughened. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the fabricated hydrogel exhibited a V-type crystalline structure, and a reduction in crystallinity was observed as the concentration of itaconic acid rose. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed alterations in the chemical structure of the starch after oxidation and itaconic acid grafting. The hydrogels indicated relatively low water absorption capacity in various media (distilled water, NaCl solution, and CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution) compared to that of current commercial hydrogels. The compressive strength results indicated that an increase in itaconic acid concentration tended to enhance the compressive strength of the fabricated hydrogel materials. The hydrogel samples exhibited an absorption capacity of approximately 60–70% for both KNO<sub>3</sub> and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> fertilizers. Furthermore, fertilizer release studies in distilled water showed that KNO<sub>3</sub> was almost completely released after 100&#xa0;h, while approximately 85% of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> was released over the same period. The biodegradation characterization results showed that the remaining weight of the fabricated hydrogel material was approximately 33% after 21 days of soil burial. These findings highlight the Vietnam Booth avocado seed starch as a potential sustainable and eco-friendly raw material for fabricating environmentally friendly hydrogels with controlled-release fertilizer capabilities, applicable in smart agriculture field.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Environmentally friendly booth avocado seed starch-based hydrogel as absorbent with slow release of fertilizers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Nguyen Chi Thanh,
  • Bui Phuong Dong,
  • Nguyen Bui Anh Duy,
  • Tran Anh Vy

摘要

In this study, an environmentally friendly avocado seed starch-based hydrogel capable of controlled-release fertilizer delivery was successfully fabricated by employing a redox system of KMnO₄/NaHSO₄ and grafting itaconic acid onto Vietnam Booth avocado seed starch. The starch was obtained from avocado seed agricultural waste by a green extraction method using water as a solvent. Starch oxidation resulted in hydrogels with high gel fraction values. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed significant morphological changes: the granular structure of the starch was disrupted, and the hydrogel’s surface became roughened. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the fabricated hydrogel exhibited a V-type crystalline structure, and a reduction in crystallinity was observed as the concentration of itaconic acid rose. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed alterations in the chemical structure of the starch after oxidation and itaconic acid grafting. The hydrogels indicated relatively low water absorption capacity in various media (distilled water, NaCl solution, and CaCl2 solution) compared to that of current commercial hydrogels. The compressive strength results indicated that an increase in itaconic acid concentration tended to enhance the compressive strength of the fabricated hydrogel materials. The hydrogel samples exhibited an absorption capacity of approximately 60–70% for both KNO3 and (NH4)2SO4 fertilizers. Furthermore, fertilizer release studies in distilled water showed that KNO3 was almost completely released after 100 h, while approximately 85% of (NH4)2SO4 was released over the same period. The biodegradation characterization results showed that the remaining weight of the fabricated hydrogel material was approximately 33% after 21 days of soil burial. These findings highlight the Vietnam Booth avocado seed starch as a potential sustainable and eco-friendly raw material for fabricating environmentally friendly hydrogels with controlled-release fertilizer capabilities, applicable in smart agriculture field.

Graphical Abstract