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<p>This study presents a sustainable approach for enhancing the removal efficiency of methyl violet 2B (MV-2B) dye using a novel bio-adsorbent composed of chitosan (CT) and lyophilized <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> (LC) biomass isolated from Yakult<sup>®</sup> fermented milk. The LC biomass was then blended with a CT biopolymer to prepare a bio-adsorbent (CTLC). An optimal blending ratio of 50:50 wt% (CTLC-50-50 wt%) between CT and LC was recognized for effective removal of MV-2B. The Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was employed to evaluate the effects of three treatment variables on MV-2B removal: CTLC-50-50 dosage range (0.02–0.1&#xa0;g/100 mL), contact time (5–60&#xa0;min), and pH (4 − 10). The BBD design indicates that the maximum removal of MV-2B (88.5%) was attained with the parameters of CTLC-50-50 dosage = 0.1&#xa0;g/100 mL, pH = 9, and contact time = 56.6&#xa0;min. Equilibrium and kinetic studies showed that biosorption of MV-2B dye by CTLC-50-50 is described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic models. The maximum biosorption capacity (<i>q</i><sub><i>max</i></sub>) of CTLC-50-50 for MV-2B was 132.6&#xa0;mg/g, where dye uptake revealed a favorable and spontaneous thermodynamic process. The proposed biosorption mechanism primarily involves electrostatic interactions, n-π bonding, and hydrogen bonding. This study highlights that the developed CTLC-50-50 bio-adsorbent exhibits a unique formulation and remarkable biosorption properties, making it an effective material for removal of cationic dyes from polluted water.</p>

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Sustainable approach of loading lyophilized (Lactobacillus casei) bacteria into a biopolymer matrix of chitosan for enhanced methyl violet dye removal: characterization, optimization modeling and biosorption mechanism

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Hasan M. Agha,
  • Ali H. Jawad,
  • Shafiq Aazmi,
  • Lee D. Wilson,
  • Zeid A. ALOthman,
  • Khansaa Al-Essa

摘要

This study presents a sustainable approach for enhancing the removal efficiency of methyl violet 2B (MV-2B) dye using a novel bio-adsorbent composed of chitosan (CT) and lyophilized Lactobacillus casei (LC) biomass isolated from Yakult® fermented milk. The LC biomass was then blended with a CT biopolymer to prepare a bio-adsorbent (CTLC). An optimal blending ratio of 50:50 wt% (CTLC-50-50 wt%) between CT and LC was recognized for effective removal of MV-2B. The Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was employed to evaluate the effects of three treatment variables on MV-2B removal: CTLC-50-50 dosage range (0.02–0.1 g/100 mL), contact time (5–60 min), and pH (4 − 10). The BBD design indicates that the maximum removal of MV-2B (88.5%) was attained with the parameters of CTLC-50-50 dosage = 0.1 g/100 mL, pH = 9, and contact time = 56.6 min. Equilibrium and kinetic studies showed that biosorption of MV-2B dye by CTLC-50-50 is described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic models. The maximum biosorption capacity (qmax) of CTLC-50-50 for MV-2B was 132.6 mg/g, where dye uptake revealed a favorable and spontaneous thermodynamic process. The proposed biosorption mechanism primarily involves electrostatic interactions, n-π bonding, and hydrogen bonding. This study highlights that the developed CTLC-50-50 bio-adsorbent exhibits a unique formulation and remarkable biosorption properties, making it an effective material for removal of cationic dyes from polluted water.