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<p>In this study, an in-situ approach was used to synthesize two activated carbons derived from the chemical activation of <i>garcinia cola</i> shells with KOH (AC-CBK<sub>2/1</sub>) and ZnCl₂ (AC-CBZ<sub>2/1</sub>) at a 2:1 impregnation ratio and a temperature of 400&#xa0;°C. The physicochemical properties of AC-CBK<sub>2/1</sub> and AC-CBZ<sub>2/1</sub> were evaluated using FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, UV/Vis/NIR, SEM/EDX, and N₂ sorption techniques. Additionally, the ability of the compounds to remove indigo carmine was assessed through batch sorption and response surface methodology. The influence of three factors (pH, initial concentration and adsorbent mass) on the indigo carmine adsorption process was investigated and analyzed using the central composite design (CCD) approach. For the experiments conducted, the removal of indigo carmine by both adsorbents was favorable under the following optimum conditions: pH 2, adsorbent mass of 100.0&#xa0;mg, initial concentration of 50.0 mg·L<sup>-1</sup>, and a contact time of 80&#xa0;min, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.004 mg·g<sup>-1</sup> for AC-CBK<sub>2/1</sub> and 79.696 mg·g<sup>-1</sup> for AC-CBZ<sub>2/1</sub>, respectively, obtained using the Baudu isotherm model. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), F-ratio, and P-value showed that the models were highly accurate, with an R² value greater than 95%. The Redlich-Peterson, Radke-Prausnitz, and Hill isotherms best described the adsorption of indigo carmine on both adsorbents, revealing a heterogeneous surface and a multilayer adsorption process. This result was confirmed by isotherms with four and five parameters. The competitive adsorption between indigo carmine and thymol blue in the binary adsorption system shows a Q<sub>Binary</sub>/Q<sub>Single</sub> ratio less than 1, suggesting the antagonistic effect on the adsorption of indigo carmine by thymol blue. This work also shows that the synthesized adsorbents are promising for the removal of indigo carmine.</p>

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Exploring the sorption mechanisms of dyes on Zn/K@Carbon derived from lignocellulosic material by in-situ approach: Non-linear regression model investigation through three, four and five parameters isotherms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Idris-Hermann Tiotsop Kueté,
  • Arnaud Kamdem Tamo,
  • Aurelien Bopda,
  • Cyrille Ghislain Fotsop,
  • Giscard Doungmo,
  • Georges Ndifor-Angwafor Nche,
  • Solomon Gabche Anagho

摘要

In this study, an in-situ approach was used to synthesize two activated carbons derived from the chemical activation of garcinia cola shells with KOH (AC-CBK2/1) and ZnCl₂ (AC-CBZ2/1) at a 2:1 impregnation ratio and a temperature of 400 °C. The physicochemical properties of AC-CBK2/1 and AC-CBZ2/1 were evaluated using FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, UV/Vis/NIR, SEM/EDX, and N₂ sorption techniques. Additionally, the ability of the compounds to remove indigo carmine was assessed through batch sorption and response surface methodology. The influence of three factors (pH, initial concentration and adsorbent mass) on the indigo carmine adsorption process was investigated and analyzed using the central composite design (CCD) approach. For the experiments conducted, the removal of indigo carmine by both adsorbents was favorable under the following optimum conditions: pH 2, adsorbent mass of 100.0 mg, initial concentration of 50.0 mg·L-1, and a contact time of 80 min, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.004 mg·g-1 for AC-CBK2/1 and 79.696 mg·g-1 for AC-CBZ2/1, respectively, obtained using the Baudu isotherm model. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), F-ratio, and P-value showed that the models were highly accurate, with an R² value greater than 95%. The Redlich-Peterson, Radke-Prausnitz, and Hill isotherms best described the adsorption of indigo carmine on both adsorbents, revealing a heterogeneous surface and a multilayer adsorption process. This result was confirmed by isotherms with four and five parameters. The competitive adsorption between indigo carmine and thymol blue in the binary adsorption system shows a QBinary/QSingle ratio less than 1, suggesting the antagonistic effect on the adsorption of indigo carmine by thymol blue. This work also shows that the synthesized adsorbents are promising for the removal of indigo carmine.