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<p>Novel hydrogels are increasingly welcoming, especially for electronic wearable strain sensor applications. This study was to fabricate polyacrylic acid/cellulose nanocrystals/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PAA/CNCs/MWCNTs) nanocomposite hydrogels. The CNCs in the hydrogels acted as reinforcing fillers to strengthen the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. In this study, CNCs were extracted from raw kapok fibres using different types of DESs. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels were examined by subjecting the samples to swelling and tensile tests. The hydrogel with 5&#xa0;mg of choline chloride-oxalic acid (ChCl-OA)-CNCs and 5&#xa0;mg of MWCNTs (H6) exhibited an excellent swelling behaviour of 39% equilibrium swelling ratio after 70&#xa0;h and an outstanding tensile strength of 0.180&#xa0;MPa (1223.5%). The hydrogel also exhibited a satisfactory self-healing efficiency of 88.33% after 6&#xa0;h of healing. The conductive hydrogel underwent sensing performance tests to study its electrical properties. It evidently detected finger joints, twisting, and uniaxial motions with positive relative resistance changes while maintaining structural integrity, indicating high sensitivity, responsiveness, and toughness. The hydrogels demonstrated notable mechanical strength, stretchability, resistance to swelling, and sensitivity to strain. Thus, it was concluded that the PAA/CNCs/MWCNTs nanocomposite hydrogels are potential candidates for electronic wearable strain sensors in biomedical sectors.</p>

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Cellulose nanocrystals hydrogel induced by deep eutectic solvent for the fabrication of conductive flexible strain sensors with superior tensile and self-healing properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Joon Yew Lee,
  • Wah Yen Tey,
  • Pui Vun Chai,
  • Lee Kee Quen,
  • Joongjai Panpranot,
  • Kiat Moon Lee

摘要

Novel hydrogels are increasingly welcoming, especially for electronic wearable strain sensor applications. This study was to fabricate polyacrylic acid/cellulose nanocrystals/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PAA/CNCs/MWCNTs) nanocomposite hydrogels. The CNCs in the hydrogels acted as reinforcing fillers to strengthen the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. In this study, CNCs were extracted from raw kapok fibres using different types of DESs. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels were examined by subjecting the samples to swelling and tensile tests. The hydrogel with 5 mg of choline chloride-oxalic acid (ChCl-OA)-CNCs and 5 mg of MWCNTs (H6) exhibited an excellent swelling behaviour of 39% equilibrium swelling ratio after 70 h and an outstanding tensile strength of 0.180 MPa (1223.5%). The hydrogel also exhibited a satisfactory self-healing efficiency of 88.33% after 6 h of healing. The conductive hydrogel underwent sensing performance tests to study its electrical properties. It evidently detected finger joints, twisting, and uniaxial motions with positive relative resistance changes while maintaining structural integrity, indicating high sensitivity, responsiveness, and toughness. The hydrogels demonstrated notable mechanical strength, stretchability, resistance to swelling, and sensitivity to strain. Thus, it was concluded that the PAA/CNCs/MWCNTs nanocomposite hydrogels are potential candidates for electronic wearable strain sensors in biomedical sectors.