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<p>Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and co-liquefaction (co-HTL) of corn industry wastes (corn stover, CS; corn cob, CC; and nejayote, NJT) were evaluated at low intensity energy conditions (250&#xa0;°C and 0.5&#xa0;MPa N₂) for the production of bio-crude and biochar. Individual feedstocks, binary and ternary blends, were formulated. Most blends exhibited a clear synergistic effect, particularly those containing NJT, which showed a possible catalytic role, increasing bio-crude yields by up to 14.93 wt%. The ternary NJT–CS–CC (1:1:2) blend presented the highest synergistic enhancement (7.04 wt%), producing bio-crude with high energy recovery (ER, 23.47%) and higher heating value (29.76&#xa0;MJ/kg). CC and CS generated the highest biochar yields (29.18–30.86 wt%) and ER (36.55–42.29%). All biochars exhibited mesoporous structures suitable for adsorption, with the best surface properties obtained from CS, NJT, and one ternary blend. The bio-crude contained valuable oxygenated compounds and esters relevant to fuel and chemical applications. Overall, co-HTL at moderate temperature combined with NJT significantly enhances bio-crude yield and quality through synergistic interactions, whereas individual wastes are better suited for biochar production. This work helps close key knowledge gaps and encourages the evaluation of sustainability and life cycle assessment of the Mexican corn flour industry.</p>

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Binary and ternary blends of agro-industrial corn residues present synergistic effects on bio-crude production by hydrothermal co-liquefaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Isaac Nava-Bravo,
  • José Julián Cano-Gómez,
  • Rogelio Cuevas-García,
  • Aline Villarreal,
  • Carlos Escamilla-Alvarado

摘要

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and co-liquefaction (co-HTL) of corn industry wastes (corn stover, CS; corn cob, CC; and nejayote, NJT) were evaluated at low intensity energy conditions (250 °C and 0.5 MPa N₂) for the production of bio-crude and biochar. Individual feedstocks, binary and ternary blends, were formulated. Most blends exhibited a clear synergistic effect, particularly those containing NJT, which showed a possible catalytic role, increasing bio-crude yields by up to 14.93 wt%. The ternary NJT–CS–CC (1:1:2) blend presented the highest synergistic enhancement (7.04 wt%), producing bio-crude with high energy recovery (ER, 23.47%) and higher heating value (29.76 MJ/kg). CC and CS generated the highest biochar yields (29.18–30.86 wt%) and ER (36.55–42.29%). All biochars exhibited mesoporous structures suitable for adsorption, with the best surface properties obtained from CS, NJT, and one ternary blend. The bio-crude contained valuable oxygenated compounds and esters relevant to fuel and chemical applications. Overall, co-HTL at moderate temperature combined with NJT significantly enhances bio-crude yield and quality through synergistic interactions, whereas individual wastes are better suited for biochar production. This work helps close key knowledge gaps and encourages the evaluation of sustainability and life cycle assessment of the Mexican corn flour industry.