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<p>The efficient synthesis of carbon nanotubes from renewable precursors offers a sustainable alternative to conventional, energy-intensive methods. In this work, orange peel waste was converted into multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through a two-step process involving slow pyrolysis at 300–500&#xa0;°C followed by microwave-assisted catalytic growth using ferrocene. Nine samples were prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures and ferrocene-to-biochar ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) to study the effect of precursor carbonization and catalyst balance on CNT yield, concentration, and structure. The highest yield of 0.245 ± 0.015&#xa0;g/g was obtained for OPCNT 500 1:1, while the lowest yield (0.105 ± 0.010&#xa0;g/g) was recorded for OPCNT 300 1:3, representing a 57.1% difference. CNT diameters ranged between 76 and 99&#xa0;nm, confirming MWCNT formation. UV–vis analysis revealed maximum CNT concentration of 1.15 × 10⁻<sup>4</sup>&#xa0;mol/L for OPCNT 500 1:1, whereas the lowest concentration (1.9 × 10⁻<sup>5</sup>&#xa0;mol/L) was observed for OPCNT 300 1:3. Raman spectroscopy confirmed high graphitization (<i>I</i><sub>D</sub>/<i>I</i><sub>G</sub> &lt; 1), while XRD and FESEM verified tubular morphology and crystalline graphitic features. EDX analysis further confirmed carbon dominance with minor catalyst residues. These findings highlight the possibility of developing sustainable, low-cost, and energy-efficient nanomaterial synthesis pathways by utilizing abundant fruit waste residue as renewable carbon sources.</p>

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Energy-efficient and expeditious synthesis and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes using orange peel waste using two-step pyrolysis microwave irradiation techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • Sai Parameshwar,
  • Armel Nganda,
  • Siddharth Jain,
  • Uday Bhan

摘要

The efficient synthesis of carbon nanotubes from renewable precursors offers a sustainable alternative to conventional, energy-intensive methods. In this work, orange peel waste was converted into multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through a two-step process involving slow pyrolysis at 300–500 °C followed by microwave-assisted catalytic growth using ferrocene. Nine samples were prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures and ferrocene-to-biochar ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) to study the effect of precursor carbonization and catalyst balance on CNT yield, concentration, and structure. The highest yield of 0.245 ± 0.015 g/g was obtained for OPCNT 500 1:1, while the lowest yield (0.105 ± 0.010 g/g) was recorded for OPCNT 300 1:3, representing a 57.1% difference. CNT diameters ranged between 76 and 99 nm, confirming MWCNT formation. UV–vis analysis revealed maximum CNT concentration of 1.15 × 10⁻4 mol/L for OPCNT 500 1:1, whereas the lowest concentration (1.9 × 10⁻5 mol/L) was observed for OPCNT 300 1:3. Raman spectroscopy confirmed high graphitization (ID/IG < 1), while XRD and FESEM verified tubular morphology and crystalline graphitic features. EDX analysis further confirmed carbon dominance with minor catalyst residues. These findings highlight the possibility of developing sustainable, low-cost, and energy-efficient nanomaterial synthesis pathways by utilizing abundant fruit waste residue as renewable carbon sources.