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<p>Drying is a crucial post-harvest process for preserving medicinal and aromatic plants like <i>Salvia officinalis</i> (sage), ensuring their availability for various applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and herbal medicine. This study investigates the effects of two innovative pretreatments—ultrasound (US) and ethanol (ET)—on the drying kinetics and quality attributes of <i>Salvia officinalis</i> leaves. The samples were pretreated with ultrasound (15 min) or ethanol immersion (75% ET, 10 min) before hot air (HA) drying at 40, 50, and 60 °C. The results showed that both pretreatments significantly enhanced drying efficiency. Drying time was reduced by 14.7–22.2% with ultrasound and 35.2–44.4% with ethanol, compared to untreated samples. Effective moisture diffusivity (<i>D</i><sub><i>eff</i></sub>) values ranged from 1.87 × 10⁻⁹ to 6.98 × 10⁻⁹ m<sup>2</sup>/s for untreated samples, while ultrasound and ethanol pretreatments increased <i>D</i><sub><i>eff</i></sub> to 2.61 × 10⁻⁹–1.47 × 10⁻⁸ m<sup>2</sup>/s and 5.22 × 10⁻⁹–2.17 × 10⁻⁸ m<sup>2</sup>/s, respectively. Specific energy consumption (<i>TEC</i><sub><i>t</i></sub>) decreased significantly by 21.5–42% with ultrasound and 40.1–56.27% with ethanol. In addition, increasing the temperature reduced the drying time and energy. In terms of quality attributes, ethanol pretreatment resulted in the highest rehydration ratio (2.46–3.80), while ultrasound-preserved samples exhibited superior retention of bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity (AXA) in dried samples was highest with ultrasound pretreatment (74.98% at 50 °C), compared to untreated (68.01%) and ethanol-pretreated (60.01%) samples. Total phenolic content (<i>TPC</i>) and total flavonoid content (<i>TFC</i>) were best retained with ultrasound, with values ranging from 5.8 to 20% (<i>TPC</i>) and 7.5–22.2% (<i>TFC</i>) higher than the control. All dried samples showed water activity values ​below 0.5. Higher temperatures and ethanol pretreatment recorded the highest color changes. These findings indicate that ultrasound is more effective in preserving bioactive compounds, while ethanol pretreatment is more efficient in reducing drying time and energy consumption. The combination of both methods may offer an optimized drying approach for <i>Salvia officinalis.&#xa0;</i></p>

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Effect of ethanol and ultrasonic pretreatments on drying kinetics, quality, and physicochemical attributes of dried Salvia officinalis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月17日

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  • Mohammad Kaveh,
  • Faroogh Sharifian,
  • Abolfazl Alirezalu,
  • Sasan Keramat,
  • Behnam Gheisary,
  • Nashmil Farhadi,
  • Mahya Dolatkhah Bachejak,
  • Edris Rahmati,
  • Negin Nasiri Balestani

摘要

Drying is a crucial post-harvest process for preserving medicinal and aromatic plants like Salvia officinalis (sage), ensuring their availability for various applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and herbal medicine. This study investigates the effects of two innovative pretreatments—ultrasound (US) and ethanol (ET)—on the drying kinetics and quality attributes of Salvia officinalis leaves. The samples were pretreated with ultrasound (15 min) or ethanol immersion (75% ET, 10 min) before hot air (HA) drying at 40, 50, and 60 °C. The results showed that both pretreatments significantly enhanced drying efficiency. Drying time was reduced by 14.7–22.2% with ultrasound and 35.2–44.4% with ethanol, compared to untreated samples. Effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) values ranged from 1.87 × 10⁻⁹ to 6.98 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s for untreated samples, while ultrasound and ethanol pretreatments increased Deff to 2.61 × 10⁻⁹–1.47 × 10⁻⁸ m2/s and 5.22 × 10⁻⁹–2.17 × 10⁻⁸ m2/s, respectively. Specific energy consumption (TECt) decreased significantly by 21.5–42% with ultrasound and 40.1–56.27% with ethanol. In addition, increasing the temperature reduced the drying time and energy. In terms of quality attributes, ethanol pretreatment resulted in the highest rehydration ratio (2.46–3.80), while ultrasound-preserved samples exhibited superior retention of bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity (AXA) in dried samples was highest with ultrasound pretreatment (74.98% at 50 °C), compared to untreated (68.01%) and ethanol-pretreated (60.01%) samples. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were best retained with ultrasound, with values ranging from 5.8 to 20% (TPC) and 7.5–22.2% (TFC) higher than the control. All dried samples showed water activity values ​below 0.5. Higher temperatures and ethanol pretreatment recorded the highest color changes. These findings indicate that ultrasound is more effective in preserving bioactive compounds, while ethanol pretreatment is more efficient in reducing drying time and energy consumption. The combination of both methods may offer an optimized drying approach for Salvia officinalis.