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<p>The optimization of the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon derived from kamugu nut shell (KNSAC) for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from wastewater has been investigated. The study identified particle size, pH, and temperature as critical factors influencing CV adsorption. A factorial design approach was employed to evaluate the interactions among these parameters, specifically pH (ranging from 4 to 9), particle size (100 to 250 BSS mesh) and temperature (300 to 320&#xa0;K). Among all the three parameters, temperature is the most significant factor affecting the adsorption process. The optimization and parameter analysis, validated through ANOVA, <i>t</i>-test, and <i>F</i>-test, confirmed the robustness of the adsorption model. To achieve optimal adsorption efficiency, cube plots, main plots, interaction plots, residual plots, Pareto charts, normal probability plots, and contour plots were utilized. Regression analysis further demonstrated that KNSAC is a cost-effective and highly efficient adsorbent for CV removal from wastewater. Detailed characterization of KNSAC was performed using BET surface area analysis, SEM with EDAX, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction to elucidate its surface morphology. Batch mode adsorption studies confirmed the practical applicability of KNSAC in CV dye removal. The selection of pH (4–9) was based on its impact on the surface charge interactions of KNSAC, as adsorption efficiency depends on the point of zero charge (pHpzc). The particle size range (100–250 BSS mesh) was chosen to balance surface area and adsorption kinetics, with smaller particles providing a higher surface area for adsorption. The temperature range (300–320&#xa0;K) was selected considering adsorption thermodynamics, as higher temperatures enhance molecular motion and diffusion, improving adsorption efficiency. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA results, confirmed that temperature had the most significant effect on adsorption, with the highest <i>F</i>-value (443.22) and lowest <i>p</i>-value (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Interaction effects between pH, temperature, and particle size were examined through cube plots, interaction plots, and Pareto charts, all of which demonstrated the dominant influence of temperature. The factorial design model was statistically validated, confirming that the selected parameter levels were optimal for maximizing dye removal efficiency using KNSAC.</p>

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Optimization of crystal violet adsorption using sulfuric acid activated kamugu nut shell carbon: a factorial design approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月23日

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  • Arumugam Basker,
  • Thangavelu Thayumanavan,
  • Velusamy Arul,
  • Kothalam Radhakrishnan,
  • J. Vinoth Kumar,
  • E. Ragulkumar,
  • Mir Waqas Alam

摘要

The optimization of the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon derived from kamugu nut shell (KNSAC) for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from wastewater has been investigated. The study identified particle size, pH, and temperature as critical factors influencing CV adsorption. A factorial design approach was employed to evaluate the interactions among these parameters, specifically pH (ranging from 4 to 9), particle size (100 to 250 BSS mesh) and temperature (300 to 320 K). Among all the three parameters, temperature is the most significant factor affecting the adsorption process. The optimization and parameter analysis, validated through ANOVA, t-test, and F-test, confirmed the robustness of the adsorption model. To achieve optimal adsorption efficiency, cube plots, main plots, interaction plots, residual plots, Pareto charts, normal probability plots, and contour plots were utilized. Regression analysis further demonstrated that KNSAC is a cost-effective and highly efficient adsorbent for CV removal from wastewater. Detailed characterization of KNSAC was performed using BET surface area analysis, SEM with EDAX, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction to elucidate its surface morphology. Batch mode adsorption studies confirmed the practical applicability of KNSAC in CV dye removal. The selection of pH (4–9) was based on its impact on the surface charge interactions of KNSAC, as adsorption efficiency depends on the point of zero charge (pHpzc). The particle size range (100–250 BSS mesh) was chosen to balance surface area and adsorption kinetics, with smaller particles providing a higher surface area for adsorption. The temperature range (300–320 K) was selected considering adsorption thermodynamics, as higher temperatures enhance molecular motion and diffusion, improving adsorption efficiency. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA results, confirmed that temperature had the most significant effect on adsorption, with the highest F-value (443.22) and lowest p-value (p < 0.05). Interaction effects between pH, temperature, and particle size were examined through cube plots, interaction plots, and Pareto charts, all of which demonstrated the dominant influence of temperature. The factorial design model was statistically validated, confirming that the selected parameter levels were optimal for maximizing dye removal efficiency using KNSAC.