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<p>Despite its low cost, horseradish root waste extract (<i>Armoracia rusticana</i>) is rich in phytochemicals that possesses significant nutritional, medicinal, and industrial potential; therefore, extraction is essential. This study examines the impact of microwave-assisted extraction on phytochemicals from horseradish root waste, positioning as a natural alternative to chemical additives and biological treatments. The research began by identifying chemical characteristics of root waste, and then microwave-assisted extraction was optimized using response surface methodology, which included 30 experiments to fine-tune variables such as microwave power, temperature, time, and solvent concentration. Total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, antioxidant, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gastrointestinal bioavailability were performed on optimized extract. The results revealed various chemical properties of waste extract including pH, total dissolved solids, dry matter, and ash. Statistical analysis indicated that all variables significantly influenced TPC, TFC, and antioxidants. Optimal extraction conditions were established as 1000 W microwave power, 39.09 °C, 10.74 min, and 51.11% solvent. Under these conditions, the extract indicated 10.11 mg gallic acid equivalent/g TPC, 21.9 mg quercetin equivalent/g TFC, and 80.39% inhibition. LC–MS revealed 152.11 µmol/g total glucosinolate with sinigrin as the most abundant compound; additionally, syringic acid and rutin were identified as primary contributors to TPC and TFC. FTIR confirmed functional groups associated with glucosinolates and polyphenolics. Furthermore, phytochemical bioavailability during gastrointestinal digestion was found to be 25.61% and 58.92% under stomach and intestinal conditions, respectively. Overall, microwave demonstrates effectiveness in isolating phytochemicals from horseradish waste, producing compositions and performance.</p>

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Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction for horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) roots: phytochemical components and bioavailability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月21日

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  • Zahra Abdolmajd Arab,
  • Marjan Nouri,
  • Gholamhasan Asadi

摘要

Despite its low cost, horseradish root waste extract (Armoracia rusticana) is rich in phytochemicals that possesses significant nutritional, medicinal, and industrial potential; therefore, extraction is essential. This study examines the impact of microwave-assisted extraction on phytochemicals from horseradish root waste, positioning as a natural alternative to chemical additives and biological treatments. The research began by identifying chemical characteristics of root waste, and then microwave-assisted extraction was optimized using response surface methodology, which included 30 experiments to fine-tune variables such as microwave power, temperature, time, and solvent concentration. Total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, antioxidant, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gastrointestinal bioavailability were performed on optimized extract. The results revealed various chemical properties of waste extract including pH, total dissolved solids, dry matter, and ash. Statistical analysis indicated that all variables significantly influenced TPC, TFC, and antioxidants. Optimal extraction conditions were established as 1000 W microwave power, 39.09 °C, 10.74 min, and 51.11% solvent. Under these conditions, the extract indicated 10.11 mg gallic acid equivalent/g TPC, 21.9 mg quercetin equivalent/g TFC, and 80.39% inhibition. LC–MS revealed 152.11 µmol/g total glucosinolate with sinigrin as the most abundant compound; additionally, syringic acid and rutin were identified as primary contributors to TPC and TFC. FTIR confirmed functional groups associated with glucosinolates and polyphenolics. Furthermore, phytochemical bioavailability during gastrointestinal digestion was found to be 25.61% and 58.92% under stomach and intestinal conditions, respectively. Overall, microwave demonstrates effectiveness in isolating phytochemicals from horseradish waste, producing compositions and performance.